End of an Era
By Huo Jiangang
A look at Japan’s economic, political and diplomatic scenario in the Akihito era
The author is a research fellow on Japanese studies with the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
因传感器节点无法持续性供电,除了在硬件电路方面进行能量控制之外,在软件结构方面也进行低功耗的设计,以提高节点的工作时长。机车车辆信号检测过程中,传感器节点进行数据采集与发送的时间远小于等待采集的间隔时间,所以在间隔时间内将单片机设置为待机模式,本文选用的超低功耗MSP430单片机基于中断的事件驱动机制,从待机到唤醒只需 6 μs,能够实现系统工作模式的快速切换[10]。
With Japanese Emperor Akihito’s abdication on April 30, the three-decade Heisei Era, which started from his accession on January 8, 1989, of ficially came to an end.
数据库系统是大数据背景下数据库技术中的“基础篇”，因此，高等院校应当增加对数据库系统讲授经典的关系数据模型及相应的数据管理技术的课时，将其作为必修课程，每周必须要安排3个课时。经典数据库技术主要包括数据库学科中重要和通用的基础理论和思路。课程重点应当包括关系数据模型、数据库逻辑设计、ER模型、查询优化、数据库表设计和事务管理等。同时还要简单地介绍关系代数、函数依赖、规范化的基本理念和思想及SQL语句、视图、存储过程、触发器等基本思想。这些理论知识在学期末采取闭卷考试的方式对学生的掌握情况进行考核。
The era was preceded by the Showa Era(1926-89) when Japan tried to catch up with developed countries and finally achieved the goal. When the Showa Era ended, Japan had reached the peak of its economic development, resulting in the United States’ taking steps to curb the rising Asian power. The confidence and national pride of the Japanese also reached its peak, the reason why many Japanese cherish the memory of that period.
The Japanese mulled over the way forward as not only had the international and domestic conditions changed significantly but also because Japan, which had become an economic power, could not sustain its development model based on the European and the U.S.experience and needed to find its own way.
However, not long after the starting of the Heisei Era, Japan’s economic bubble burst and it was also caught in the middle of political instability. Japan’s political, economic and diplomatic landscape entered a stage of reconstruction.
Substihoting Equation(4) into Equation(1) to obtain the line velocity in the following
Economy: momentum lost
The economy is interrelated with diplomacy and politics, serving as the basis. Whether the economy can grow determines if the comprehensive national strength, the most important foundation for diplomacy, can be enhanced. Economic growth is conducive to political stability, while economic downturns often lead to political instability.
However, Japan’s own national strength could not support it to become an international power with discourse power.Therefore relying on the U.S. to reach its goal became an important feature of Japanese diplomacy in the Heisei Era.In the 1990s, Japan and the U.S. revised the Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation to stabilize and consolidate bilateral ties. Japan has been hoping to make use of the U.S. power to advance its own international standing all the time.
Essentially, Abe’s means to stimulate the economy was the same as the fiscal stimulus advocated by Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi from 1998 to 2000, and both failed to make the Japanese economy turn into a virtuous circle. Therefore, Abenomics is not the answer to the Japanese economic problem. Quantitative easing itself is an unconventional means rather than a normal one. In the new Reiwa Era under new Emperor Naruhito, boosting the economy still remains a problem of the country.
However, during the 30 years of the Heisei Era, the domestic situation for economic growth deteriorated in Japan. The declining birth rate and the increasing aging population led to shrinking markets with insufficient demand. The low total factor productivity made the GDP growth sluggish and economic growth weak.
高中数学在高考考场一直占据着重要地位.在高中三年学习数学的过程中，培养起学生灵活的数学解题思维尤为重要，高一高二时打下的基础，是高三最终复习的奠基.作为教师应在一轮又一轮的复习过程中，培养起学生的数学解题思维，到了高考考场，遇到类似的题目，便会有迎刃而解的轻松感.
手机摄影传播过程中，手机摄影所表现出来的图片和视频能够反映出新闻事件内容。但由于手机摄影的摄影功能受到手机质量和手机拍摄水平的影响，导致手机拍摄中会对画面质量有所影响。[5]所以，针对手机摄影，要提高手机拍摄功能，选择优质的器材，要想实现即时的新闻传播，就需要借助社会化媒体平台，利用技术支持，实现新闻事件传播与社会化媒体的无缝对接，让受众尽快了解到新闻事件内容信息。
At the end of the last century, the Japanese Government was unable to solve these fundamental problems and borrowed heavily to stimulate the economy. It resulted in soaring government debt, which became double the GDP. Yet the stimulus failed to put Japan’s economy back on track of normal growth, instead plunging it deeper into crisis.
分析河流廊道生境要素变化与生物生命过程的响应关系，开展关键物种对主要环境因子变化，如关键生物种群对栖息地的地形、水力学要素变化的敏感性研究。研究水利工程建造前后水文和水力学要素的变化特征（洪水历时、河道流量丰枯变化，季节性洪水脉冲变化，大坝高速水流下泄的掺气过饱和现象，大坝建成后库区的水温分层及低温水排放等）对河道生物的生长、发育、繁殖等生命过程的影响。开展现场监测并对生物对环境变化响应物理过程进行模拟实验，开发基于生物需求的水文过程模拟模型，探索满足各河流独特生态系统健康发展的河道生态需水量计算体系或方法。
The long stagnation of the economy affected Japanese diplomacy significantly. In the early 1990s, the Japanese were ambitious and some even suggested that the U.S., Japan and Europe should rule the world jointly. But this ambition vanished as the economic bubble burst.
Koizumi chose to resolve the fiscal problems first while the incumbent Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stimulated the economy through unprecedented quantitative easing. Although Abe’s policy did make the Japanese economy look good, it did not solve the fundamental problems including the shrinking domestic market due to the falling birth rate, a shrunken tax base caused by enterprises relocating abroad, and difficulties in improving labor productivity due to lack of manpower and innovation.
Japan has undeniable competitive strength in its manufacturing, technology and service sectors. Many Japanese transnational corporations have performed well and overseas investment income has been an important factor supporting the Japanese stock market.
Diplomacy: U.S.-reliant
1.2 研究的目的的意义。绣花鞋垫是民族传统文化、历史和当代文化通过自发或无意识学习，在家庭环境中传达深情厚谊，并提供民族艺术、舒适、祝福，提供实用性与观赏性并存等功能，达到手工艺在家庭内部的共享及与外部社会的充分流通和共享。
In the new international political pattern characterized by the coexistence of one superpower and many powers, Japan wished to play an important role. So it embraced strong diplomatic enthusiasm in the Heisei Era. In the 1990s, Japan sought to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council. It also sought to have the “enemy state” clause removed from the UN Charter.
Some regarded the first 20 years of the Heisei Era as lost and stagnant. During this period, Japan explored ways to emerge from the aftermath of the economic bubble burst, which undermined the financial environment and dragged the country into recession. In the 1990s, the banking and securities industries suffered greatly, and the negative impact remained until Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi took power at the beginning of the 21st century.
With Japan pursuing becoming a great power, its views on China have changed.How to get along with China has become a controversial issue in Japan’s diplomacy after the Cold War. The Sino-Japanese relations in the Heisei Era repeatedly suffered ups and downs, partly because of Japan’s counterbalance of China with the U.S., and more importantly, because Japan considered China as a potential rival geopolitically. The historical and territorial issues between the two countries have always been difficult problems in the bilateral relationship. Apart from the complexity of these issues themselves,Japan’s tough attitude toward China is also an important reason.
The focus of the debate in Japan was whether to solve the debt issue first or ignore it and continue stimulating the economy.
On April 1 in Tokyo, a boy shows a newspaper with the headline of announcing Reiwa as the name of new era
Relying entirely on the U.S and completely becoming its affiliate could make Japan drift further from its goal of becoming a strong country. Therefore, while consolidating the Japan-U.S. alliance, Japan also pursued diplomatic independence from time to time to increase its voice in the international economic and political field.
For example, in the 1990s, Japan attempted to establish the Asian Monetary Fund but was stopped by the U.S. In 2009,then Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama proposed the creation of an East Asian Community like the European Union. Later,after the U.S. withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a 12-country trade bloc, Abe gathered other members to reach the Comprehensive and Progressive TPP, demonstrating the independence of Japanese diplomacy.
In recent years, with China-U.S. relations witnessing tumult, Abe’s initiative to improve Sino-Japanese relations is also a manifestation of this relative independence.
Politics: complex situation
Japan’s politics are closely related to the economy and diplomacy. Though the economic stagnation occurred for various reasons, people tended to attribute it to the incompetence of political leaders. In 1991, after the economy fell into a trough, the shortcomings of the longruling Liberal Democratic Party became the object of public anger, which led to its ouster in 1993.
People hoped for a savior to lead the country out of the predicament and that’s why Koizumi was elected prime minister in 2001 even though he was not the most promising leader. When Koizumi’s successors were unable to perform like he did, they were rejected by the public, with prime ministers changing every year for six consecutive years after Koizumi’s stepping down.
The political turmoil made people hope for stability and Abenomics created a false prosperity, which has led to Abe’s continuous governance for more than six years from 2012.
The other important characteristic of Japan’s politics during the Heisei Era has been the right-wing swing stemming from nationalism. During Japan’s pursuit to become a global power, the Japanese elite chose to cover up or whitewash historical issues rather than apologize for them. This approach has led to rightwing leaders visiting the notorious Yasukuni Shrine in Japan that honors convicted criminals of World War II despite outcries and caused difficulties for Japan to completely normalize its relations with neighbors. This has adversely affected economic relations with the neighbors.
In the Reiwa Era, whether Japan continues its Heisei Era trajectory or opens up a new path will be significant not only for Japan but for peace and stability in East Asia.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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