An Epic Spirit
APEC shifts from trade-centric growth to inclusive development By He Xilin
The Third 2019 APEC Senior Offi cials’ Meeting is held in Puerto Varas, Chile, on August 29
The author is an assistant research fellow with the China National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation
Though host Chile announced in late October that the 27th APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, to have been held in capital Santiago on November 16-17, has been suspended due to the unrest in the country, the regional trade bloc still has many things to celebrate.
It is observing its 30th anniversary this year, a reminder that it has come a long way. From the early meetings in Australia in 1989, when the ministers of 12 Asian and Pacifi c economies decided to fl oat an informal forum to discuss free trade and economic cooperation, today APEC has developed into the most extensive and influential economic cooperation mechanism in the Asia-Pacifi c with 21 members.
In the pre-APEC days, high trade barriers hindered regional economic growth. Free trade agreements, which would have been a way out, however required protracted negotiations and gamesmanship, and so APEC offered a better platform for trade and investment liberalization with its principle of consensus-based actions that were also non-binding. In 1994, the members met in Bogor, Indonesia, to decide on a long-term plan. The Bogor Goals committed to achieve free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacifi c by 2010 for industrialized economies, and by 2020 for developing economies.
Today, the average tariff among APEC members has dropped from 17 percent to 5 percent, and 70 percent of APEC imports and exports are intra-regional. The Asia-Pacific market has taken shape and the Asia-Pacific has become an engine of the world economy. Besides progress in trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, APEC has also chalked up substantial achievements in technological cooperation.
As a critical engine of the global economy, the Asia-Pacific should put these development concepts into practice by embracing innovative and inclusive development.
With the Bogor deadline expiring next year, the focus is on the future cooperation direction of APEC after 2020.
Going beyond regional
Although a regional mechanism, APEC’s future is influenced by both regional and global developments since China and the U.S., the two largest economies in the world contributing 70 percent of the global economic growth, are its members. Moreover, it covers diverse economies, from high-income to low-income ones. Therefore its future direction must refl ect the needs of a wide range of economies.
Keeping this in mind, to encourage the growth of all groups, APEC has in recent years discussed improving the employability of the differently abled and small and medium-sized enterprises’ participation in international competition.
People’s understanding of growth is also undergoing changes. The unilateral pursuit of high economic growth and GDP is losing its appeal. At the APEC CEO Summit in Da Nang, Viet Nam, in 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping said, “The vision of innovative, coordinated, green and open development for all is gaining increasing public support. To achieve more comprehensive, higher-quality and more sustainable development has become the shared goal of the international community.”
(3)反应温度越低，甲烷气体消耗量越多，甲烷水合反应的转化率越大，说明温度越低，水合物的生成条件越温和，水合物的生成量越多。
综上所述，在京津冀协同发展的背景下，河北省高职院校“校园贷”法律教育引导机制从三个维度构建：“知”：通过加强河北省高职院校学生“校园贷”相关法律理论认识，构建法律意识体系，建立正确的法制观念；“情”：通过深入了解社会主义法制体系，增进学生对我国社会主义核心价值观产生价值认同；“意”：需要通过学以致用的社会实践活动，形成自觉懂法、守法、用法进而践行社会主义核心价值观的理想信念。
Given the profound changes in the world economic landscape and governance, development is replacing trade to become the objective of global economic collaboration. At the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Beijing in 2014, innovative development was one of the three major topics on the agenda. Two years later, at the Group of 20 Summit in Hangzhou in east China, inclusive growth was the consensus of the members. In recent years, APEC meetings have all been hosted by developing economies, which have emphasized innovative development and inclusive growth.
Development for all
In today’s world, the digital economy and the sharing economy are two emerging trends. The emergence of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence and new industries like smart manufacturing, 3D printing and green energy has changed and shaped countries’ overall national strength and competitive advantages. They have also changed international trade relations and the way of economic cooperation. With the new round of technological and industrial revolution, reducing traditional trade costs alone cannot meet the requirements of economic cooperation.
《结婚十年》中的时代背景是正值抗日战争时期，国内的形式非常的不稳定，人民的生活在很大程度上也遭受到了一定的打击。所以，在这一情况下的女性，内心面对着残酷的战争，经济的拮据，女性的内心相对来说会比较的脆弱。就如文中所表现的，战乱时期，得知自己的父亲病了之后，徐崇贤可以说是随意的把苏怀青与孩子安置在上海，自己回到了家乡看望父亲，而此时苏怀青的内心只有焦急与没有安全感的恐惧，所以她自己做主也从上海回到了家乡，希望能与丈夫重聚。在这里，女性意识的不坚定再一次显现，但是我们可以认为女性做出这样的选择，也是因为在战乱的时代被迫之下的无奈。
So the APEC members need to enhance their capacity building, share and learn from one another’s best practices, cooperate in various fields and industries, and strengthen information exchange. Only in this way can the regional and global economy realize true growth.
传统的教学模式下，教师在课堂中大多以填鸭式的教学方法展开授课，在一定程度上忽略了学生的主体性，容易影响学生对于数学学习的积极性，导致目前小学数学教学中存在一些问题，大部分小学生不能高效的学习数学知识，甚至有些学生对数学学习具有反感心理。随着我国教育的不断发展，体验式学习方法逐渐得到学科教学的应用，如何在教学中合理应用体验式学习方法成为小学数学教师所面临的关键问题，对于教学水平的提高具有积极意义。
An exhibition on green supply chains on the sidelines of an APEC seminar in Tianjin, a port city in north China, on September 26
The deepening of globalization calls on countries to pay more attention to the diverse groups. Since globalization is now regarded as a double-edged sword that has widened the gap between the poor and the rich and led to inequalities, inclusive growth is the remedy for the negative impacts of globalization.
其中,和为Bell态,非零实参数α,β,γ和δ满足α2+β2+γ2+δ2=1。Alice有粒子1与4,Bob有粒子2和3,而粒子5属于Charlie。所有粒子构成初始复合系统为
Thrust areas
APEC has been addressing a wide range of issues for innovative and inclusive growth.
Interconnectivity is one of them. The APEC Connectivity Blueprint 2015-25, adopted at the Beijing meeting in 2014, seeks to seamlessly and comprehensively connect and integrate the Asia-Pacific through physical, institutional and peopleto-people connectivity. The blueprint also envisions expanding regional investment and domestic demand, increasing employment, curbing extremism and giving fresh impetus to regional and global growth.
The digital economy is another focus since it is the future trend of global development. The APEC Initiative of Cooperation to Promote Internet Economy adopted in 2014 encourages actions for innovative growth including technological exchanges and capacity building, and utilizing the Internet economy to empower vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. Three years later, the APEC Internet and Digital Economy Roadmap was developed for increasing access to digital technology and the digital economy. At the 2018 APEC meeting in Papua New Guinea, themed Harnessing Inclusive Opportunities, Embracing the Digital Future, the consensus was to strengthen digital infrastructure and capacity building and eliminate the digital divide.
In addition, sustainable and inclusive growth should be promoted in different sectors. Currently, APEC is focusing on areas including agriculture, the ocean, energy and climate change and issues related to urbanization, enterprises, women and the differently abled. It has also synergized its agenda with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. China will reach its goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2020, which could provide valuable experience for the inclusive growth of APEC.
In the past three decades, seven concepts have appeared with high frequency in global dialogues. They are open, gradual, voluntary, consultation, development, mutual benefit and common interests, all of which refl ect the spirit of APEC.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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