强调语篇,注重交际,激发情感--一门微型语法复习课引发的思考_定语从句论文

强调语篇,注重交际,激发情感——由一节微型语法复习课引发的思考,本文主要内容关键词为:语法论文,注重论文,情感论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。

第五届全国中学骨干英语教师新课程教学高级研修班于2008年7月在安徽省黄山市隆重举办。笔者有幸为来自全国各地的骨干教师展示了一节题为“反馈、复习、强化与拓展”的观摩课。在历时一个半月的备课过程中,笔者深刻领悟到了强调语篇、注重交际、激发情感的新课程理念。这一理念要求教师在情景中呈现语法结构,让学生感知语言,然后引导学生在语篇中操练和运用语言知识,同时培养学生积极向上的情感态度。

一、教学内容与步骤简介

本节课是语法复习课,教学时间仅为25分钟,属于微型课,教学内容为定语从句的巩同和运用。笔者以汶川大地震为背景,在与学生的交谈中复习定语从句;随后,选取地震中的真人真事作为学习材料,让学生在语篇中重温和巩固定语从句的意义和用法,并围绕这一话题开展一项采访活动;最后,要求学生以记者的身份整合与补充采访内容,并写一篇报道。

二、教学难点与突破口

新课程的语法教学内容包括语法的形式、意义和用法(程晓堂、高洪德,2006)。随着教学理念的不断更新,不少教师开始注重语法的意义和用法,但摆在教师面前的难题是如何平衡这三个方面。笔者认为,课型不同,侧重点也不同。教师若在复习课上过多地强调语言形式,即使讲得透彻,学生可能依然不会用。此外,单一的讲练结合并不能有效地为学生再现语法现象。新课程理念强调语法复习教学应通过生动、形象的背景材料,让学生在语篇中感知所学语言,通过思考、分析和归纳,进一步巩同对语法规律的认识,在语篇中合理地运用语法知识,做到从语境中来,到语境中去。

一节25分钟的微型课要求教师将最精彩、最能体现新课程理念的部分展示出来,因而它要有重点。作为复习课,教师应在简单呈现语法结构的基础上,注重有意义的操练和交际性的应用,并实现语篇的有效输出。

三、立足语篇的语法复习教学

实例对比1:从“单一的语法形式再现”到“在交际中再现语法形式”

以往复习课的导入往往通过呈现语法形式让学生明白本节课的复习内容。教师通过解释语法形式所表达的意义,帮助学生回顾或重新认识语法点,为接下来的操练做好铺垫。正如笔者在教案初稿中的设计:先播放一段有关汶川大地震的录像,然后组织学生讨论大地震带来的后果,并作口头描述;随后,笔者就有关地震的内容呈现一些定语从句。例如:

The quake destroyed the buildings which were not strong.

The quake broke many highways.where cars and trucks were travelling.

虽然笔者创设了情景,但与语法形式的呈现相脱节,显然违背了语法的交际性原则。新课程理念倡导教师围绕情景话题与学生进行交流,在交流中适时地再现语法形式。经过理念上的转变,笔者在观摩课上以问答的方式与学生谈论汶川大地震的破坏性(按顺序依次如下):

⑥Though many people suffered a lot in the quake,are there any survivors whose stories are encouraging?

然后,笔者把学生的回答整合成定语从句,呈现在幻灯片上(依次如下):

①A big earthquake hit Wenchuan,which lies in the north of Sichuan.

②The quake took place on Monday afternoon when most of the students were having classes.

③The teaching buildings,where most of the students were having classes ,fell down.

④The teaching buildings,which were not strong enough,fell down.

⑤People in Wenchuan,who used to lead a peaceful life,became homeless after the quake.

⑥There are many survivors whose stories are encouraging.

[反思]

教师在创设情景时不能只考虑为学生提供操练的内容,更重要的是使学生在交流中体会语法点的交际功能。作为本节复习课的导入环节,教师不仅要呈现定语从句的形式,而且要注重在交际中传达其意义及用法(重点是关系代词和关系副词的区别),为学生在语篇中操练和运用定语从句奠定基础。教师在备课时应明确教学思路,注重情景创设的目的性和有效性。

实例对比2:从“信息的提示和补充”到“语篇的输入和补充”

本节语法复习课的第二部分是口头操练定语从句,笔者定位的教学目标是以口语练习为基础,为最后的书面输出作铺垫。由于没有教材,所以学生手中没有相应的语篇材料。

[初稿设计]

People from different fields were doing different things when the quake hit Wenchuan.Fill in the chart below and make up an interview based on it.Use at least three attributive clallses.

People Where were they What were they doing

a student

a driver

a doctor

a clerk

a tourist

Suggested questions:

1.Where were you working when the earthquake took place?

2.Do you know the place which was destroyed?

[观摩设计]

There were many survivors whose stories were encouraging.Please read the following passage about Yue Liuhui,a girl from Dujiangyan and fill in the blanks with Which,who,when,where,why,and whose.Then make up an interview based on the following themes:love,perseverance,self-rescue,confidence,...

Yue Liuhui is a girl from Dujiangyan.The earthquake took place at the time 1 she was going to take a shower,but for the next second the building,2 was not strong enough,collapsed (倒塌).She will never forget the time 3 she spent in the rubble.During the rescuing work,she talked to a reporter outside in a weak voice.

"I have been waiting for the people 4 will come to rescue me.

"When I heard someone shouting outside,I kept on crying to make myself heard."

"I must save energy to keep up.That' s the reason 5 I stopped crying when I couldn' t hear any voice."

"I am lucky that I am still alive."

"Along with me,there was someone else in the rubble,6 I cheered her up by saying that we were going to be rescued soon."

It was 16 o' clock on May 15th 7 Yue Liuhui was finally helped out.The girl buried for 72 hours burst out crying when she saw her mother, 8

eyes were already filled with tears.

Suggested questions:

1.Who do you admire most in the rescuing work?

2.What is the most important thing that you believe in when in trouble?

[反思]

两个教学设计都是为采访活动做铺垫。初稿片面强调让学生在交际中操练定语从句,忽略了语篇输入,虽然填补信息的练习为学生提供了素材,参考问题又为学生提供了语法形式,但学生无法形成语篇意识,也很难形成在语篇中熟练运用语法知识的能力。

新课程在重视语言输入的同时,注重让学生学习、掌握和积累与某一任务或话题相关的词汇和语篇材料,使学生在感知大量语言材料的基础上获得语感,为真实的交际做好铺垫和准备。此外,在学习语篇的同时,学生的积极情感因素得到激发,对提高学习效果有促进作用(详见第四部分第3点)。

经过多方专家的指导,笔者选用了被埋在废墟中的都江堰女孩乐刘会与记者的一段感人对话作为文字材料,学生通过阅读这一语篇并完成填空练习,能感知和体会定语从句的意义和用法,通过思考、比较和归纳,清晰地理解并区别关系代词和关系副词的表达形式,并能在口头输出时有意识地、较为准确地使用。

实例对比3:从“控制式的单句操练”到“开放式的语篇输出”

本节课的第三部分是基于第二部分的口头操练,并进行书面输出。

[初稿设计]

Suppose it is in the year of 2015 when Wenchuan has already been rebuilt.Imagine what Wenchuan will be like.

It was on May 12th,2008 when the violent quake hit Wenchuan,which lies in the north of Sichuan.People in Wenchuan,who suffered a lot in the disaster,are ready to rebuild their hometown with our help.We are looking forward to the year of 2015 ,when

the roads (which/that/where)

the schools ( )

the people ( who/that/whom/whose ) the students()

We all hold a strong belief that in 2015 Wenchuan will be a beautiful and peaceful city,which will attract people from home and abroad for a visit.

[观摩课设计]

File a report about Yue Liuhui.The report should contain her experience in the quake,her attitude towards life,as well as your comment on her.Use at least two attributive clauses.You can choose the following themes:love,perseverance,self-rescue,confidence ,...

[反思]

以往笔者要求学生在语篇输出环节尽可能多地运用所复习的语法知识,片面地追求学生会用,导致语篇输出实际上成了单句操练,并没有形成具有真实意义的语篇。以上初稿设计表面上是一篇书面表达,实际上是学生在教师的控制下用定语从句去修补语篇,这种教学方式忽略了语法教学与篇章语境的内在联系(教育部,2004),忽略了学生能否在篇章中恰如其分地运用语法知识。

笔者在观摩课上删去了初稿的最后一个环节,仍围绕乐刘会的感人事迹,以上一环节中的主题采访为基础,让学生以记者的身份写一篇报道,并要求使用两个以上的定语从句。这种开放式的设计把语法教学与逻辑思维联系起来,与人说话的意识联系起来(教育部,2004)。另外,提供写作主题时尊重学生个体差异,为学生的语篇输出确定方向,同时允许学生有自由发挥的空间。以下是某学生的现场作文:

Yue Liuhui is a girl from Dujiangyan,Sichuan province.The earthquake took place at the time when she was going to take a shower.Trapped in the rubble where she stayed over 70 hours,she believed that the most important thing was confidence,so she believed that she would be rescued soon.The people she admired most were those,including soldiers,firemen,doctors,who tried their best to save her.After recovering she really wanted to go back to the disaster-hit area as a volunteer to help rebuild her hometown.

We call on all the people to learn from her.

四、在语法复习教学中培养情感态度

一节微型语法复习课应通过有效的语篇输出实现语言教学目标,而新课程标准规定的情感态度目标应贯穿在整节微型课之中。

教师在教学语言知识的同时应注重培养学生积极向上的情感态度,帮助其带着强烈的动机、浓厚的兴趣和大胆的实践精神去学习。

1.情感态度与学习氛围的辩证关系

积极向上的情感有助于活跃课堂氛围,提高学生的学习效果,而轻松、和谐的学习氛围能帮助学生克服焦虑、羞涩的消极情绪。

汶川大地震是我国2008年发生的一场大灾难,是近期人们经常谈论的话题,以此为情景是可取的。然而,笔者根据初稿设计实施教学时,始终强调地震的破坏性和人员的巨大伤亡,致使课堂气氛沉重、压抑,不少学生产生了悲伤的情绪。大多数学生对操练语言的兴致不高,学习行动上也比较消极,教学效果很不理想。而在观摩课上,笔者采用了乐刘会的感人事迹作为语篇材料,许多学生在了解了乐刘会的故事之后,坚定了战胜自然灾害的决心,充满了建设新生活的信心。正是这种积极的情感因素激发了学生学习语言知识的兴趣,并积极地参与到课堂活动中去。可见,教师在设置情景话题时,必须考虑话题是否含有积极意义,是否有助于培养学生积极的情感态度,是否有利于提高语言学习的效果。

2.情感态度与语言知识的内在联系

语法复习课的教学应以巩固学生的语言运用能力为主。为了让学生巩固语法知识,熟练掌握语言点的意义和用法,教师往往需要创设语境和提供例句,在语境和例句中渗透情感内容,使学生除了能感受和运用语言知识外,还能受到情感熏陶。笔者在设计例句时注重了情感培养在教学过程中的重要性。例如:

①The teaching buildings,which were not strong enough,fell down.

②People in Wenchuan,who used to lead a peaceful life,became homeless after the quake.

③Yue Liuhui finally saw her mother,whose eyes were already filled with tears.

句①带给学生的思考是,教学楼的质量需要改进,生命最重要;句②激励我们为重建家园而奋斗;句③则让学生体会到了母女亲情。

又如,在采访这一环节中,笔者是这样设计的:Here are the reporters from CCTV,Huangshan Daily,and The School News Agency,who are going to interview Yue Liuhui.中央电视台、黄山日报和校园新闻社都是实际存在的新闻机构,而提供的四个采访主题能真实地反映乐刘会的意志品质。

3.情感态度与语篇的有机结合

语篇不仅能为学生提供文本材料,它也是思想和精神的载体,一篇与时事相关的真实材料更能承载强烈的感情色彩。教师应充分挖掘语篇中的情感资源,巧妙地设计、加工和组织教学内容,引导学生对语篇进行情感维度的理解(戴军熔,2005)。笔者在观摩课的第二个环节中采用了以下方式进行情感渗透:

(1)通过真实画面,激发学生的情感

笔者先呈现一张新闻联播的截图(见图1),然后提问:

The picture shows a girl who was talking to a reporter while she was in the rubble.How do you feelwhen you see the picture.?

笔者请三位学生作了回答,他们的回答分别是:

①I can see a face and an eye.

②The girl is buried and she seems calm,not afraid.

③The girl is buried,but she is hopeful that someone else will come and save her.

图1

第三位学生显然是注意到了图片下方的那行文字“我相信你们会来救我”,从而在接触语篇之前就理解了“信心”这一主题的含义。

(2)通过完成填空练习和朗读短文,使学生产生情感共鸣

在讨论完上述图片之后,笔者发给每位学生一份语篇材料,要求学生用关系代词和关系副词填空(见实例对比2中的观摩课设计),然后齐声朗读短文,同时在屏幕上依次呈现八个单词:when,which,that,who,why,where,when和whose,旨在巩固和强化定语从句,并让学生进一步理解语篇的情感内涵。

(3)进行头脑风暴活动,使学生通过发散性思维,构建较为完整的情感图式

笔者随后又呈现了一张乐刘会康复后的图片(见图2),要求学生以完成句子的形式讨论乐刘会的意志品质。

Yue Liuhui is a girl,who is__.

这一活动不仅使学生巩同了定语从句的基本形式,又促使他们利用发散性思维,结合语篇内容和图片所蕴涵的情感意义,归纳出乐刘会的意志品质,如hopeful,brave,optimiaic,confident,strong-minded等。笔者将这些词写在黑板上,为接下来的采访活动提供词汇参考。

图2

(4)在合作学习中增进友谊,在交际中沟通情感

笔者在划分小组时,把扮演记者的学生分成若干小组,分别扮演来自CCTV,Huangshan Daily,The School News Agency的记者,然后,将扮演乐刘会的女生分在一个小组。笔者在活动中给予双方必要的提示和指导。

学生在明确了自己的角色之后,上演了一幕幕值得回味的采访活动。以下是其中一组的采访实录(有删改):

R-Reporter Y-Yue Liuhui

R:Hello.Yue Liuhui,I' m from CCTV.

Y:Nice to see you.

R:What is the most important thing that you believed when you were in the rubble?

Y:I think it was confidence.

R:Who are the persons that you missed most?

Y:I missed my parents and friends most,because I was very worried about them.

R:Who do you admire most in the rescuing work?

Y:Soldiers,firemen,and doctors are the persons who I admire.They are our heroes.

R:Thank you.Wish you good luck.

Y:Thank you.

五、感悟

笔者对本节课的感悟有以下几点:

1.传统的语法复习课多从形式切入,由形式过渡到意义,并在教师预设的主导和控制下培养学生运用知识的能力,整个过程可以归纳为:形式→意义→封闭式运用,并没有培养学生语篇意识的要求。在这种教学模式下,学生只能停留在理解语言知识的表层含意上,不能深刻体会其交际功能,因而无法形成有效的交际策略,以致在真实的情景中不能恰当运用所学知识。在新课程理念下,教师在语法复习教学中应做到:精确定位教学目标,合理利用教学资源,从学生实际出发,设计促使学生有效生成的任务。

我们提倡语法复习从语篇输入开始,让学生在语篇中自然地感知语言,教师通过解释和引导,使学生从机械性模仿过渡到创造性运用,由巩同语言知识向强化交际技能转化,以语篇输出的形式来检测学生学习的有效性,做到从语篇中来,到语篇中去。整个过程可以归纳为:语篇输入→形式→意义→开放式运用→语篇输出。

2.基于语篇的语法复习教学不能忽略对学生进行情感教育。教师在教学语言知识时,不能为传授知识而传授知识,始终受制于某个知识点。这种教学把语言知识的传授作为英语教学的唯一目标,而把对学生情感态度的培养边缘化。实践证明,不少学生希望教师能多开展有意义的课堂活动,因为在互动中他们可以抒发情感,表达观点,这不仅能帮助学生巩同和运用所学知识,又能增进感情和友谊,使学生树立正确的人生观。

3.从教书育人的机制来看,情感、态度与价值观的教育应是“随风潜入夜,润物细无声”式的(胡庆芳,2007)。笔者在本节课上并没有特意强调“信心”这一主题,但学生却能从语篇学习和语言运用中体会到信心的精神价值。可见,有效的情感教育不是通过讲解培养的,它搭载于情景话题、语言知识、小组互动、语篇的输入和输出等教学因素中,学生在学习中不断感知、体会和反思,直至形成积极向上的性格品质。

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强调语篇,注重交际,激发情感--一门微型语法复习课引发的思考_定语从句论文
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