急诊胃镜在儿童上消化道异物中的诊疗体会论文_江百练1,盛伟松2(通讯作者),朱丹荣2

急诊胃镜在儿童上消化道异物中的诊疗体会论文_江百练1,盛伟松2(通讯作者),朱丹荣2

(1江苏省第二中医院外科 江苏南京 210000)

(2南京医科大学第二附属医院儿童消化内镜中心 江苏南京 210000)

【摘要】目的:探讨急诊胃镜治疗儿童上消化道异物的方法、安全性及疗效和经验。方法:回顾性分析2008~2015年在我院就诊的儿童上消化道异物患者46例,在氯胺酮、丙泊酚全身麻醉下行急诊胃镜下消化道异物取出术,术前常规摄片定位。根据异物的种类、形态,选择鼠齿钳、网篮等不同种类器械予以取出。术后留院观察两日有无并发症发生,同时依据异物有无造成黏膜损伤而使用抑酸药物1~2日。结果:46例异物儿童中男孩35例,女孩11例;年龄6月~8岁,其中<1岁的5例,1~3岁的30例,3~7岁的8例,>7岁的3例;误吞时间为3h~6d;46名异物患儿上消化道异物共46个;46例异物中硬币异物共39例,电池3例,笔帽1例,枣核1例,回形针1例,戒指1例。异物嵌入部位食管上端41例,胃内5例。内镜下异物成功取出45例,1例由于异物(枣核)已刺破黏膜而转入外科手术治疗,成功率为97.8%;内镜下异物取出成功病例患儿术后均未发生出血、穿孔等并发症。结论:急诊胃镜下治疗儿童上消化道异物的首选方法,具有简便、安全、有效特点。家长在日常护理中避免儿童将异物特别是硬币放入嘴里,可明显降低儿童的上消化道异物的发生率。

【关键词】消化道异物;急诊内镜;儿童

【中图分类号】R445 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1007-8231(2016)15-0030-02

Emergency Gastroscopy in Diagnosis and Treatment of Foreign Bodies in Children’s Digestive Tract

Jiang bailian1,Sheng weisong2,Zhu danrong2. 1The Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiangsu province, Anorectal Surgery,Nanjing,210000.2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Children's Digestive Endoscopy Center, Nanjing,210000

【Abstract】Objective To study the methods, safety, effects and experience of emergency gastroscopy in treating foreign bodies in Children’s digestive tract. Method Retrospective analysis from 2008 to 2015, 46 children with foreign bodies in digestive tract went to see doctor in our hospital. The foreign bodies were taken out by using emergency gastrospocy after general anesthesia with katamin and propofol, using radiographic localization before operation. Choose different tools as rat-tooth forceps or basket according to foreign bodies’ types and forms. After the operation the patients remained for two days for complication observation. Meantime, use acid suppression medicines for 1 or 2 days in view of the fact that whether the foreign body caused mucosal damage or not.Result Among 46 patients, 35 boys and 11 girls. Age: 6 months~8 years old. Among them, 5 patients < 1 year old, 30 patients between 1~3 years old, 8 patients between 3~7 years old, 3 patients > 7 years old. Mistaking time 3h~6d; 46 foreign bodies in total in 46 patients; Among those bodies are 39 coins, 3 batteries, 1 pen cap, 1 date pit, 1 paper clip, 1 ring. In 41 cases the foreign body was inlaid in upper oesophagus while 5 cases in stomach. In 45 cases foreign bodies were successfully taken out under endoscope. 1 case were transferred to surgical operation since the foreign body (a date pit) had already pierced mucous membrane. The success rate was 97.8%; among the successful cases all the patients did not have complications such as perforating or haemorrhage.Conclusion Emergency gastroscopy is the first choice while treating foreign bodies in Children’s digestive tract. It is easy, safe and effective. Parents should keep children from swollowing foreign bodies, especially coins, which can reduce the rate of foreign bodyin children’s digestive tract.

【Key words】Foreign bodies in digestive tract; Emergency gastroscopy; Children

上消化道异物是儿童常见急症,内镜下异物取出术简便、安全、有效,是治疗上消化道异物的首选方法。

期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆现将我院儿童内镜中心2008~2015年内镜治疗儿童上消化道异物46例报道如下:

1.资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

46例异物儿童中男孩35例,女孩11例;年龄6月~8岁,其中<1岁的5例,1~3岁的30例,3~7岁的8例,>7岁的3例;误吞时间为3h~6d。所有患儿均无严重呼吸、心血管及血液系统疾病。

1.2 术前准备

术前常规胸腹部立位片以初步了解异物的大小、形状、定位。X线显像异物共44例(硬币39例,电池3例,回形针1例,戒指1例),2例未显像(枣核和笔帽各一例)。并禁食4小时以上。采用奥林巴斯GIF-XP260NS电子胃镜,儿童专用口腔护圈以及各种异物器械,含活检钳、鼠齿钳、鳄口钳、三爪钳、网篮及自制的橡胶保护套等。对于三岁以下的婴幼儿采用气管插管下的丙泊酚联合氯胺酮的静脉麻醉,三岁以上的单纯丙泊酚联合氯胺酮的静脉麻醉。做好应急预案,术中监测血压、心率和经皮血氧饱和度。

1.3 取出方法

根据患儿吞入的异物种类、部位等,所采取的取出手术方案不同1。患儿常规左侧卧位,术者和助手共同配合,发现异物后根据异物种类选择夹取方式取出。取出后需再次进镜以观察有无黏膜损伤。内镜取出后留院观察48小时。

2.结果

46名异物患儿上消化道异物46个;46例异物中硬币异物共39例,电池3例,笔帽1例,枣核1例,回形针1例,戒指1例。异物嵌入部位食管上端41例,胃内5例。内镜下异物成功取出45例,1例由于异物(枣核)已刺破黏膜而转入外科手术治疗,成功率为97.8%;内镜下异物取出成功病例患儿术后均未发生出血、穿孔等并发症。

表 异物种类及数目

异物种类 数目

硬币 39例

电池 3例

笔帽 1例

枣核 1例

回形针 1例

戒指 1例

3.讨论

儿童由于缺乏生活经验以及没有危险意识,易将异物如硬币、电池等放入口中玩耍,从而造成意外吞入的可能。国外文献报道[2-5],当异物吞入时,80~90%的异物可经过消化道自行排出,需要内镜处理的为10~20%,仅不到1%的需要手术处理。

Sugawa C等人报道美国每年约1500例病人死于消化道异物的发生,其中的80%是儿童[6],因此对于儿童上消化道异物的急诊处理是极其必要的。Mu?oz F MP等人报道儿童异物以硬币为主,达57%,而异物91%主要分布在食管,平均年龄为4岁[7]。本组资料发现,儿童吞入异物以硬币为主(84.8%),嵌顿部位主要发生在食管(89.1%),与文献报道相符,这与食管生理特点有关,食管有上中下三个生理狭窄部位,其中以食管上端最狭窄,因此异物最易嵌顿此处。

本组资料中所有患儿行急诊内镜检查前都辅以氯胺酮和丙泊酚的静脉麻醉,同时笔者认为对于3岁以内的婴幼儿可以加用气管插管下的静脉麻醉,这样可以避免喉头水肿及窒息的风险,减轻医师操作时的压力,具有安全有效的特点,这与Sugawa C等报道的观点一致[6]。

术前需详细询问病史,了解患儿所吞异物的种类、时间等基本状况。对于金属异物,可术前常规腹部立位片进行定位,对于影像学不显示异物必须详细询问病史,可做好解释工作后行诊断性胃镜检查。每个病例均需做好手术方案,预估风险及应急处理方案。在操作过程中,针对硬币等钝形异物,可常规异物钳夹取取出,对于长形异物,可用鼠齿钳夹取一端,调整长轴与食管平行后缓慢取出;对于尖锐异物,尽量使尖端朝下,可自制橡胶套管或者塑料套管,套取异物表面予以保护,这样可以尽可能的起到保护消化道黏膜的作用,但如果尖锐异物已超过72小时需外科手术治疗[8],文献2报道通常认为有消化道穿孔表现或吞入异物超过72小时均需外科干预。本组资料中患儿误吞枣核>72小时,内镜下观察枣核尖端已刺破黏膜,故转至外科手术治疗。对于电池之类的异物,因含有金属盐(氧化汞、氧化银、氧化锌、氧化锂)或碱性液体(氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾),这可能会泄漏进入胃肠内腔并引起坏死,故均需立即取出。异物取出后,均需要再次胃镜检查,评估损伤情况。手术需要有较多经验的医师及专职内镜护士,这样能尽大程度上可以缩短手术时间,降低手术风险,提高成功率[9]。对于嵌顿时间较长的患儿,操作时必须轻柔,以免造成食管穿孔。

综上所述,无痛胃镜下行小儿异物取出术安全、有效,比外科手术简便易行,无创伤,恢复快;对于3岁以内的婴幼儿推荐用气管插管下的静脉麻醉,避免窒息风险。同时劝告家长日常生活中避免小儿对硬币的玩耍,可有效的减少儿童上消化道异物的发生可能性。

【参考文献】

[4] Waltzman ML, Baskin M, Wypij D,et al. A randomized clinical trial of the management of esophageal coins in children[J].Pediatrics.2005 Sep;116(3):614-9.

[2] Webb WA. Management of foreign bodies of the upper gastrointestinal tract:update[J].Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:39-51.

[3] Ginsberg GG. Management of ingested foreign objects and food bolus impactions[J].Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:33-38.

[4] Schwartz GF, Polsky HS. Ingested foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract. Am Surg. 1976;42:236-238.

[5] Mosca S, Manes G, Martino R, Amitrano L, Bottino V, Bove A, Camera A, De Nucci C, Di Costanzo G, Guardascione M, et al.Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract:report on a series of 414 adult patients[J].Endoscopy. 2001;33:692-696.

[6] Sugawa C,Ono H,Taleb M, Lucas CE. Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract:A review. World J Gastrointest Endosc[J]. 2014 Oct 16;6(10):475-81.

[7] Mu?oz F MP, Maluje J R, Saitua D F. Gastrointestinal foreign body in children[J].Rev Chil Pediatr. 2014 Dec;85(6):682-9.

[8] Telford JJ. Management of ingested foreign bodies[J]. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19:599-601.

[9] Conway WC, Sugawa C, Ono H, Lucas CE.Upper GI foreign body:an adult urban emergency hospital experience[J]. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:455-460.

论文作者:江百练1,盛伟松2(通讯作者),朱丹荣2

论文发表刊物:《心理医生》2016年15期

论文发表时间:2016/9/29

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急诊胃镜在儿童上消化道异物中的诊疗体会论文_江百练1,盛伟松2(通讯作者),朱丹荣2
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