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Say the word peacemaker,and politicians and diplomats come to mind.But peacemakers are also those who work in the trenches,sometimes risking theirlives.Here are the stories of three women dedicated to making a difference across the globe.
Healing the Wounds of War
When Mary Ann Hopkins was nineteen,her parents decided that she and her seventeen-year-old sister,Elizabeth,should see something of the world.So Hopkins' parents sent the girls from their home in Milton,Massachusetts,to India,where they spent a summer volunteering at a remote orphanage.Hopkins and her sister took the children to get vaccinations,got them ready for school and bought supplies.
[2] That experience inspired Hopkins,now thirty-seven,to go to medical school and train to be a general surgeon.During her residency,in 1996,she joined Doctors Without Borders,an international organization that provides health care where it's needed most,often in war zones.Hopkins,who performs operations ranging from Cesarean sections to wound treatment,is in high demand overseas.During a 1996 stint（注：分派的工作。）in Sri Lanka,where there's a civil war,many doctors fled in fear for their safety,and Hopkins was the only surgeon serving a region of half a million people.
[3] Although she was initially afraid of being killed accidentally,Hopkins has never felt directly threatened during her trips.And she' s never witnessed hostility between patients,even though they're often enemies.She attributes that surprising harmony to the Doctors Without Borders' mission to help all the injured,regardless of their role in a conflict.
[4] In 1999,Hopkins worked in Burundi,where battles between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups rage.She treated two men whose toes,fingers and ears had been cut off in a conflict so chaotic that no one knew which side had done what,or why."When I first saw them,I was dumbfounded,"she says.“By the second day,they were helping other patients in the hospital ward.The strength of spirit is mind-bog-glint（注：动词为boggle惊骇，文中意为inspiring。）.”
[5] While Hopkins was in Burundi,the news broke that Doctors Without Borders had won the Nobel Peace Prize."The entire town of Makamba rejoiced with us,"she recalls."I didn't know who was Hutu,who was Tutsi-every person in that town had experienced the touch of Doctors Without Borders and felt,as we did,that they shared in the prize.As doctors,we bring (opposing) groups together on a personal level,"says Hopkins.
[6] While she finds her experiences eminently（注：超群地；著名地。） rewarding,Hopkins is disheartened by the limited medical resources.Without an intensive care unit or equipment like ventilators and monitoring devices,she sometimes discovers that even after a successful procedure,she can't keep patients alive.Hopkins recalls a particularly upsetting case in Sri Lanka in which she was unable to save the life of a twelve-year-old girl with an intestinal ailment.The girl would have lived if she'd had surgery in the U.S."When she died,I started to cry,"recalls Hopkins."Surprisingly,her family came up to me and told me that they were extremely grateful for the care she had gotten.The tables are turned.They were comforting me."
[7] Hopkins'husband,Pietro Mazzoni,a neurologist,says that although many doctors talk about their desire to do similar work,only a few muster the courage to actually pursue it.While Hopkins' enthusiasm has made her husband consider joining Doctors Without Borders himself,he's not able to make the six-month commitment that the organization requires of all physicians except surgeons.
[8] Asked what it is about Hopkins that enables her to take on the challenges,Mazzoni says,"You can put ten people into racing cars,and nine of them will ask you how to use the clutch.Mary Ann will just get in and drive."
[9] Hopkins is planning another trip soon,probably to Sri Lanka,Burundi or Sierra Leone,in Africa."I need to do one more mission before Pietro and I decided to have children,"she explains."I love this work,but I wouldn't put myself in a war zone if I had kids."
[10] When Hopkins isn't traveling,she lives and works in New York City.She brings her philosophy of treating all patients equally back to Bellevue Hospital Center/New York University Medical Center,where she often operates on prisoners and other indigent patients."These patients may have performed violent acts,but they're entitled to be treated with kindness and dignity,"she says.
[11] Hopkins believes physicians have a role not only in healing wounds but also in cultivating peace."All of us are guided by our desire to help our fellow man,"she says."And that principle is helpful in a war situation,because it enables you to break away from ideology and look at a person as an indivedual who is suffering."
Breaking the Cycle of Violence
Margaret M.Norris was seven when she saw the movie The Crowning Experience,the true story of Mary McLeod Bethune,all educator who built a school in Daytona,Florida,and traveled the world as an ambassador for peace."I thought,that's what I want to do-bring education and peace to people all over,"recalls Norris.
[2] In her twenty-six years as an educator-first as a high-school English teacher,and for the last ten years as director of academics at San Francisco's Omega Boys Club-Norris,forty-eight,has managed to achieve both goals.The Omega Boys Club was founded in 1987 by teacher Joseph Marshall and counselor Jack Jacqua to stop gang violence and drug dealing and to keep kids in school.The club,which serves teenage boys and girls,as well as young adults,has earned national and international attention for its day-to-day work and its nationally syndicated radio show,Street Soldiers,which Norris co-hosts.Young people dealing with gangs and violence receive on-air advice from the club' s staff and members.
[3] Norris helps club members make peace with others by coming to terms with themselves.She aims to heal the often troubled relationships between young men and the women in their lives.The neighborhoods in which Norris' students grew up were hit hard by the crack epidemic of the 1980s,and many were raised by single mothers who were addicted."A lot of these young men feel abandoned,neglected and hurt,and they transfer those feelings to the women in their lives and end up repeating the cycle of destruction,"she says."I'm trying to get them to deal with their anger.
[4] Norris' evening classes,which include academic training as well as life lessons,have grown crowded.The method she's developed combines reading and writing with personal testimony and ethical guidance."I have students read material on people who have dealt with situations similar to theirs"-from Richard Wright's Native Son to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.She also shows movies.
[5] "As the students begin to identify the mistakes that the characters made,I gradually replace the character with the student,"says Norris.In this non-threatening way,students begin to identify and take responsibility for their own mistakes.At that point,the students often feel free enough to disclose their personal histories."It's not fun to listen to young men talk about having participated in a rape,or carried a gun,or hit someone,but they have to get it out,"she says,noting that she tells club members that she has no reservations about turning them in to the authorities.Norris explains that if you want things to change in your life,you must start by changing yourself.
[6] Norris recalls one young man,Michael,who had grown up with a crackaddicted mother."He hated women,including me,"she says,the breakthrough came one day when the class was watching the movie Sugar Hill,in which Wesley Snipes plays a drug dealer.The opening scene is flashback to the dealer's childhood,when his mother,a heroin addict,instructs the child to help her shoot up."Michael was very angry,"recalls Norris."He left the classroom.Little didI know I was showing him a mirror of himself and his mother."
[7] The following week,Norris had the class write letters to their mothers for Mother's Day.Micheal stood up and read his letter to the class.He told his mother of the pain she had caused him,and the effect on his life."I hate what you allowed me to become,"he wrote.Finally the anger started to crack,recalls Norris.
[8] Norris took Michael with her to a conference in Detroit,where he spoke to a group of recovering addicts.Afterward,a woman told him that she hadn't realized how much suffering her addiction had caused her children,and that because of his account,she now felt ready to seek and accept help."Michael smiled and hugged me,"recalls Norris."Now（注：这里是感叹词，意为“喂，快说”，通常用于句首，以逗点断句。）,seven years later,he calls me Mom."He's also engaged to a club member.
[9] Norris is willing to take her peacemaking skills to the streets when necessary.Several years ago,a fourteen-year-old Samoan（注：大洋州岛国原住民，属波利尼西亚语族。） boy was shot while waiting for a bus by members of a Filipino gang.That week,his father called the Street Soldiers radio program and vowed vengeance against his son's killers.In an effort to stem the possible flood bath she asked that her students would write letters to the family,which she delivered in person,along with a plant and a poem she had written.The next week,the father called the show and said he would not avenge his son's murder."Let his death be an instrument of peace,".he told the radio audience.
[10] Helping a young person change his life,says Norris,is"akin to giving birth.You go through the labor pains,and afterward there's a high".
Befriending the Enemy
Lindsay Miller was in her early twenties when she spent a year in Jerusalem with her husband,Aaron David Miller,then a graduate student."We had friends from both Jewish and Arab communities,"Miller recalls fondly.
[2] Those friendships fueled Miller's passion for the Middle East."I wanted to understand and be in volved in all the cultures that were a part of Jerusalem,"she says.Nearly two decades later,Miller,now forty-nine,found a job that would allow her to do just that.By then,her husband was negotiating peace agreements in the Middle East for the U.S.State Department,and the family was living in Chevy Chase,Maryland.Family friend John Wallach,then a foreign editor for Hearst Newspapers,told Miller that he wanted to start a summer camp for Israeli and Palestinian youth."I said,'Here I am,'because that's where my heart was,"she recalls.
[3] Seven years later,the Seeds of Peace International Camp hosts more than four hundred teens each year in three sessions in Otisfield,Maine,and Miller is a vice president of the organization.The camp has expanded to include Egyptians,Jordanians and Moroccans.
[4] Much of Miller's work takes place in Washington,D.C.,where she has gained an astonishing level of bipartisan（注：两党派的；两党派支持的。）support for the program.Each year,she takes the campers to meet with the president,vice president,secretary of state and members of Congress.She has also brought camp alumni（注：〔美〕女毕业生（校友）。）tomeetings with Middle East leaders,such as the late King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.Often,the campers tell world leaders that "the impossible has happened-their enemy has become a friend",says Miller."The leaders inevitably say how inspired they are by the youth."Knowing they have the support of world leaders is tremendously important to the teens,who often face hostility or disbelief from friends and family as they try to maintain the crossborder friendships they've developed,she says.
[5] Miller says the best part of her job at Seeds of Peace is spending time with the kids at camp.During the first week,some of the kids are so mistrustful of each other that they are afraid to go to sleep.But by the end of the three-and-a-half-week session,the children are friends."They won't go home with the same beliefs about what their 'enemy' is like because now the enemy has a face,"says Miller.
[6] The teens participate in typical camp activities,such as tennis,swimming and music.They also spend two hours each day debating some of the Middle East's most bitter conflicts.
[7] Miller's daughter,Jennifer,a junior at Brown University,spent three summers at Seeds of Peace as both a camper and counselor.Last summer,she was acounselor in a bunk that held both Arab and Israeli girls.Early in the session,campers learned that the cousin of two Palestinian campers,who had been shot in the spring,had died.The event caused a chill in Jennifer's bunk that was particularly hurtful to Natalie,an Israeli girl,who wanted to extend her sympathy but could not get Diam,a Palestinian girl,to open up.
[8] One week later,campers learned that a Palestinian woman had been shot and killed by an Israeli soldier.In the dining hall that day,campers stood and expressed their feelings."With all of the tension,Natalie and Dima realized they couldn't keep things inside anymore," recalls Jennifer."Natalie went up to Dima and gave her a hug.They both stood there hugging and crying.It was incredible."
[9] Lindsay Miller hopes her work will ultimately change global politics."We give the kids the tools to stand up for what they believe in,"she says."In a few years,they will be in positions of real responsibility,and they'll be there to make a difference."
[10] For Miller,this year's highlight was intramural（注：同一组织的；校内的。）day,when the kids played against other local camps in a variety of sports.Watching the Seeds of Peace campers conquer their opponents,Miller says,"Everyone was cheering for each other.It was a real team."Afterward,the Seeds of Peace kids invited their vanquished opponents to join them for a picnic lunch.Says Miller,laughing,"They're the peacemakers."
一说起“和平使者”这个词，人们便会想到政治家和外交家。但和平使者也可以指那些有时甘冒生命危险在枪林弹雨中工作的人。下面的故事讲述了三个女人为给世界带来和平所作的努力。
抚平战争创伤
玛丽·安·霍普金斯19岁时，她的妹妹伊丽莎白17岁，她们的父母认为这两个女儿应该开始了解这个世界了。于是，霍普金斯的父母从马萨诸塞州米尔顿的家里把她们送到印度，在那里，她们整个夏天都在一个偏远的孤儿院里帮忙。霍普金斯和妹妹带那些孩子去打预防针，帮他们做好上学前的准备，还为他们买一些生活用品。
[2] 那段经历激励了霍普金斯（今年37岁）上医学院学习并将自己培训成为一名全科医生。1996年在她见习期间，她参加了“无疆界医生”组织，这一国际组织向最需要帮助的地方，尤其是在战乱地区，提供卫生服务。霍普金斯既能做剖腹产手术也能做外伤手术，因此在国外各地都挺受欢迎。1996年，她被分派到斯里兰卡做短期服务。那里当时正发生内战，许多医生害怕无辜送命都弃职而逃，霍普金斯成了那个有着50万人口的地区里唯一的外科医生。
[3] 尽管她开始也担心在战火中送命，但在她服务期间，她从未觉得受到直接的威胁。她的病人中经常有的是互为敌人，可她从没见到他们之间有任何敌意。她认为之所以能产生这种奇异的和谐，是因为“无疆界医生”组织旨在帮助所有受伤人员，从不考虑他们在冲突中起什么作用。
[4] 1999年，霍普金斯在布隆迪工作，那里胡图人和图西人的民族战火纷飞。她医治了两个伤员，他们的脚趾、手指和耳朵都被切掉了。那场冲突非常残酷，没有人知道双方都做过什么，或者为什么这么做。她说：“我第一眼看到他们时，简直惊呆了。但到了第二天，他们就开始帮助病房里其他的病人。精神的力量实在撼动人心。”
[5] 正当霍普金斯在布隆迪工作时，有消息说“无疆界医生”组织获得了诺贝尔和平奖。她回忆说：“整个马坎巴城都跟我们一起高兴。我不知道谁是胡图人，谁是图西人——马坎巴城里每一个人都与‘无疆界医生’组织打过交道，他们和我们一样，觉得他们也是这个和平奖里的一份子。作为医生，我们把两个对立的人群在个人的层面上融合在了一起。”
[6] 在霍普金斯发现自己的工作很有价值的同时，她又对有限的医疗资源感到很失望。由于没有重病人的特护病房，或没有像呼吸器和检测仪这样的设备，霍普金斯发现有时即使手术很成功，她还是回天乏术。霍普金斯回忆起在斯里兰卡一件特别让人难过的病案，当时她实在无法救活一个12岁患肠病的小女孩。要是在美国动手术，那女孩肯定能活下来。霍普金斯回想说：“她咽气的时候，我哭了。奇怪的是，她的家人走过来告诉我，孩子能够受到这样的照顾，他们非常感激。事情都颠倒了。他们反倒安慰起我来了。”
[7] 霍普金斯的丈夫皮埃特罗·马佐尼，是个神经科医生。他说尽管很多医生都表示希望做类似的工作，但只有少数人真正地鼓起勇气这么做。受霍普金斯的热情影响，她的丈夫也打算参加“无疆界医生”组织，当时由于该组织需要各种内科大夫而不是外科医生，所以他没有签下6个月的合约。
[8] 当问到是什么促使霍普金斯接受这样的挑战时，马佐尼说：“你可以把10个人放进赛车里，其中9个人会问你怎么使用离合器，而玛丽·安一进去就开着车走了。”
[9] 霍普金斯正在筹划一次新的旅程，很可能去斯里兰卡、非洲的布隆迪或者塞拉利昂。她解释说：“我还想再出去一次，然后我准备和皮埃特罗要孩子。我喜欢这项工作，但如果我有了孩子，我就不会再到战争地带去了。”
[10] 霍普金斯没有四处奔波时，就在纽约居住和工作。在贝勒弗医院中心／纽约大学医疗中心工作时，她经常给犯人或穷人做手术，她把奉行的“治病面前一律平等”的原则带回到这里。她说：“这些病人可能向别人施行过暴力，但是我们应该友善地对待他们、尊重他们。”
[11] 霍普金斯相信医生的职责不仅是治疗伤痛，也是维护和平。“我们所有的人都有一个指导思想，就是尽量去帮助别人。这个原则在战争情况下很有用，因为它使你抛开思想意识的差异，碰到一个病人时只是把他当作正在遭受痛苦的个人。”
打破暴力循环
玛格丽特·M·诺丽斯7岁时看了一部电影《圆满的结局》。这是个真实的故事，讲述的是教育家玛丽·麦克里欧·白求恩在佛罗里达州的德托纳办了一所学校，并作为和平使者周游世界。诺丽斯回忆说：“当时我想，把教育与和平带给全人类，这就是我想做的工作。”
[2] 诺丽斯开始是名高中英语教师，过去10年在旧金山“欧米伽男孩俱乐部”担任教学主任——现已48岁的她在26年的教学生涯中已经实现了这两个目标。1987年，约瑟夫·马歇尔老师和杰克·亚卡辅导员创立了“欧米伽男孩俱乐部”，旨在结束团伙斗殴及毒品交易并保证孩子们在校读书。这个俱乐部不光招收在校学生，还招收一些社会青年。由于他们日复一日的工作以及由诺丽斯等人共同主持的全国联办的广播节目“街头战士”，俱乐部引起了国内外的关注。那些打架斗殴的年轻人能够通过电波听到俱乐部工作人员及成员的劝告。
[3] 诺丽斯帮助俱乐部成员自身之间取得和解，从而进一步与别人和睦相处。她着眼于帮助小伙子们恢复和他们周围女性的友好关系。诺丽斯的学生们生活成长的那个地区深受20世纪80年代毒品大潮的影响，很多孩子都是由有毒瘾的单身母亲抚养大的。她说：“这些男孩子们中有很多感到被遗弃、被忽略和受到了伤害，于是他们又把这种感情转嫁到他们生活中的女性身上，结果只是重复那种毁灭性的循环。而我就尽力帮助他们控制自己的怒火。”
[4] 诺丽斯的夜校班里的人越来越多，她上课时不光讲述人生的意义，同时也教授文化知识。她用的方法是把读书写字同个人的记述和道德导向结合起来。“我让学生们读一些和他们有着类似经历的其他人的故事”——从理查·莱特的《土生子》到莎士比亚的《罗米欧与朱丽叶》。诺丽斯还给学生们播放一些电影。
[5] 诺丽斯说：“当学生们开始意识到那些角色所犯的错误，我就逐渐用学生自己来代替书中的角色。”通过这种平和的方式，学生们也开始认识到自己所犯的错误，并为自己的错误承担责任。那个时候，学生们常常觉得很放松，可以讲出自己的经历。她说：“听一群孩子们说他们曾经参与过强奸妇女、持枪抢劫、打架斗殴之类的事并不有趣，但是他们必须把这些讲出来。”她告诉俱乐部成员，她绝对不会把他们送交当局。诺丽斯解释说，如果你想改变生活中的某些东西，那你必须从改变自己开始。
[6] 诺丽斯记得一个叫迈克尔的男孩，他从小和吸毒成瘾的母亲生活在一起。她说：“他憎恨女人，包括我在内。”有一次全班看电影《糖山》，威斯利·斯奈普在里面扮演一个毒贩，从此事情就有了改变。电影的开头是对这个毒贩童年的回忆：他那吸海洛因成瘾的母亲教儿子帮她注射毒品。诺丽斯回忆说：“当时迈克尔非常生气，走出了教室。我一点也不知道我是在向他展示他和他母亲的生活。”
[7] 随后那个星期，诺丽斯让学生们给自己的母亲写一封信来庆祝母亲节。迈克尔站起来向全班宣读了他的信。在信中他告诉母亲她给他带来的痛苦，以及对他生活的影响。他在信中写道：“我讨厌你把我变成这个样子。”终于，愤怒开始化解，诺丽斯回忆到。
[8] 诺丽斯带迈克尔一起到底特律参加了一个会议，迈克尔在会上对一群正在戒毒的人发表了演说。后来，一名妇女告诉迈克尔，她从未意识到自己的毒瘾给孩子们带来这么大的痛苦，听了他的演说后，她现在想寻求帮助，也愿意接受帮助。诺丽斯回忆说：“迈克尔笑着拥抱我。话说回来，7年过去了，他喊我妈妈。”迈克尔现已与俱乐部的另一成员订了婚。
[9] 在必要的时候，诺丽斯很乐意把她营造和平的本事带给街区的居民。几年前，一个14岁的萨摩亚男孩在等车的时候被一个菲律宾人团伙开枪打死。那个星期，男孩的父亲打电话到“街头战土”广播节目并发誓要替儿子报仇。为了制止这一复仇行动可能引发的流血事件，诺丽斯号召学生们给这男孩家人写信，并且连同一盆盆景和她写的一首诗亲自送到那男孩家里。第二个星期，男孩的父亲又打电话到节目组，说他不打算找杀害儿子的凶手报仇了。他在广播里说：“就让他的死作为对和平事业的一点贡献吧。”
[10] 诺丽斯说，帮助一个年轻人改变他的生活“就像生孩子一样。首先要经过分娩的痛苦，接下来的就是胜利的快感”。
化敌为友
林赛·米勒20出头时，和丈夫亚伦·大卫·米勒在耶路撒冷呆了一年，当时亚伦还是在读的研究生。林赛高兴地回忆说：“我们的朋友中既有犹太人，也有阿拉伯人。”
[2] 这种友谊激起了米勒对中东的热情。她说：“我想了解并且融合到他们的文化中去，那些文化都是耶路撒冷的一部分。”差不多20年之后的今天，49岁的米勒找到一份工作可以让她实现自己的愿望。当时米勒全家都住在马里兰州切维蔡斯，她的丈夫代表美国国务院正在中东洽谈和平事宜。他们的朋友约翰·华莱士，《赫斯特报》的一名外文编辑，告诉米勒说他想为以色列和巴勒斯坦的青年办一次夏令营。米勒回忆说：“当时我就说：‘算我一个’，因为中东是我魂牵梦系的地方。”
[3] 7年以后，“和平之种国际营队”每年在缅因州奥蒂斯菲尔德城的三个营队都要接待400多名青少年，米勒是该组织的副总裁之一。这个营队发展到现在，已扩大了营员范围，接纳了埃及人、约旦人和摩洛哥人。
[4] 米勒大部分时间在首都华盛顿工作，在那儿她从两党派得到的帮助达到了惊人的程度。每年，她都带着营员与总统、副总统、国务卿和国会成员见面。她还带着营友会见了中东领导，如已故的约旦国王侯赛因、巴勒斯坦领导人亚瑟·阿拉法特。营员们常常告诉这些国家领导人“不可能的事情已经发生了——他们的敌人变成了朋友”，米勒说，“这些领导人当然都说他们被孩子们的精神打动了。”她说，这些孩子为了维持他们发展起来的这种跨边界的友谊，经常会受到家人和朋友的敌视和怀疑，所以，能得到世界领导人的支持对他们而言至关重要。
[5] 米勒说她在“和平之种”工作最开心的时候就是和营队的孩子们在一起。在第一周期间，有些孩子彼此互不信任，以致连觉也不敢睡。但到3个半星期的营期结束时，这些孩子都变成了朋友。米勒说：“他们回家时不会再像以前那样认定‘敌人’的样子，因为现在那些‘敌人’都有了一张脸。”
[6] 孩子们参加一些传统的营队活动，比如打网球、游泳和听音乐。他们每天还花上两个小时就中东的一些冲突最激烈的问题进行辩论。
[7] 米勒的女儿詹妮弗是布朗大学三年级学生。她有三个暑假是在“和平之种”度过的，她既是营员又是辅导员。去年夏天，她在一个营队做辅导员，这个营队接收的是阿拉伯和以色列的女孩。营期伊始，营员们得知两名巴勒斯坦营员的表亲春天时受了枪伤，现在死了。这件事情在詹妮弗的营队引起了不安，尤其是对一个叫纳达莉的以色列女孩伤害颇深，她想表达自己的同情，但却无法让一个叫第玛的巴勒斯坦女孩倾吐心事。
[8] 一个星期后，营员们得知一名巴勒斯坦妇女被一名以色列士兵开枪打死。那天在食堂里，营员们都站了起来表示自己的愤慨。詹妮弗回忆说：“当时形势很紧张，纳达莉和第玛意识到她们再也不能隐藏自己内心的情感，纳达莉走上前紧紧抱住第玛。她俩相拥站在那里，放声大哭。真是难以置信。”
[9] 林赛·米勒希望她的工作最终能够改变全球的政治。她说：“我们教孩子们要坚持自己的信仰。几年后，他们就要真正地承担起责任，那时他们将能起作用。”
[10] 对米勒而言，今年的重点是营际运动日，孩子们和当地其他营队进行各种体育比赛。看到“和平之种”营员们能够稳操胜券，米勒说：“每个人都为队友鼓气。这才是真正的团队。”赛后，“和平之种”营员们邀请被他们击败的对手共进野餐。米勒笑着说：“他们才是和平的营造者。”