Physician, Heal Thyself
According to the 2010 United States Census, the population of the United States was 308 million. Whites formed 72.4 percent of it, including 63.7 percent non-Hispanic whites, who are deemed to be the majority racial group in the U.S.; African Americans were 12.6 percent; Asians 4.8 percent; Native Americans 1.1 percent; other races, 6.2 percent; and mixed races, 2.9 percent.
The minorities numbered 112 million, including white Hispanics and Latino Americans. The European whites fundamentally control the state power and racial discrimination in the U.S. is in essence the discrimination of the European whites against all other racial minorities.
I. Forms of Racial Discrimination
The UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination requires all signatory states to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination in all forms, and to guarantee everyone equality before the law, civil rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights without distinction on the ground of race, color, or national or ethnic origin.
在此次实地调研过程中，选择农户“小额信贷”使用情况课题进行调查分析。但由于样本农户少、切口小，再加上农户对自己家庭经济状况的保守心态，数据搜集还存在一定的偏差。因此，所得出的结论还应该在更多地方得到印证，以探寻农村农户在“小额信贷”领域的良性发展之路。
However, the U.S., a signatory to the convention, has failed to meet the requirement. In the U.S., racial discrimination is found in every aspect of people's lives, particularly in law enforcement, the judiciary, the economy and society.
i. Discrimination in law enforcement and the judiciary
Equality before the law is a basic principle in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was issued by the UN in 1948; it is also recognized in the U.S. political philosophy and legal system. In reality, however, many practices of U.S. law enforcement and the judiciary run counter to this principle, with racial discrimination worsening in certain areas and the basic human rights of racial minorities willfully violated.
One of the most visible of these is the frequent shooting and killing of African Americans by the police in acts of abuse of power. U.S. federal government statistics show that young African American males are 21 times more likely to be shot and killed by police than young white males. For African American males between 15 and 19, the chance of getting shot and killed by police is 31.17 per million, while for white males of the same age group it is 1.47 per million.
According to the Mapping Police Violence research group's website, in 2013, at least 301 African Americans were killed by the police. In recent years, the fi gure was the highest in 2015—351. Last year, it was 260.
African Americans are much more likely to be arrested than any other ethnic group. Statistics from 1,581 police stations showed that African Americans were three times more likely to be arrested than people from other ethnic groups. Data from at least 70 police stations showed that African Americans were 10 times more likely to be arrested than people from other ethnic groups.
The police favor white people in law enforcement. Data from police departments across the country showed that in areas which practice “zero tolerance” in streetlevel law enforcement, police mainly arrested African Americans from poor neighborhoods while turning a blind eye to similar acts in affl uent white neighborhoods.
Also, police use entrapment strategies against minority groups. Of all the anti-narcotic operations by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 91 percent of the suspects detained using entrapment strategies were racial minorities. A report by the American Civil Liberties Union says that marijuana use is roughly equal among blacks and whites, yet blacks are four times more likely to be arrested for marijuana possession.
ii. Discrimination in the economic sector
The U.S. Government carried out largescale surveillance on Muslims. On December 1, 2011, the American Civil Liberties Union asserted that the FBI, in violation of federal laws, used its pervasive unauthorized Internet access to secretly collect intelligence on Muslims and some organizations.
Real-time PCR结果显示(图3A)：APPsw质粒对照组APP695 mRNA表达水平较NC组明显升高，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；尼可地尔处理组明显降低APP695 mRNA的表达，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)，尼可地尔+格列本脲处理组与APPsw质粒对照组相比，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
Minorities face wage discrimination. According to BLS data from 2010 to 2018, African Americans had average wages about 30 percent lower than white people's, and Latinos about 40 percent lower.
According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from past years, people of African and Latin American ancestry have a much higher unemployment rate than those of Caucasian ancestry, and the racial differences as manifested in the employment rate have not changed with the changing economic situation. African Americans have an unemployment rate twice as high as whites, and Latinos about 40 percent higher than whites.
Racial minorities live in poverty and lack access to social welfare. According to a 2015 report by Cable News Network (CNN), the income gap between various ethnicities had widened. The wealth possessed by whites was 12 times higher than that of African Americans and nearly 11 times higher than that of Latinos.
According to research published by the Economic Policy Institute on February 13, 2017, more than one in four black households had zero or negative net worth. Latinos made up 28.1 percent of the 45 million living in poverty among the U.S. population. Some 26 percent of African Americans were living in poverty and 12 percent in extreme poverty.
Racial discrimination and segregation is explicit in the workplace. A study found obvious racial segregation in 19 of the 58 industries investigated.
iii. Discrimination in the social area
Minorities experience discrimination and bullying in educational institutions. According to civil rights data from the Department of Education for 2013 and 2014, of 2.8 million students who were suspended from school, 1.1 million were African Americans, and the likelihood of suspension for students of African ancestry was 2.8 times higher than that of white students.
Racial discrimination occurs frequently in commercial and industrial establishments. According to a report by Los Angeles Times on May 27, 2018, data from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau showed that black applicants were rejected at more than double the rate of non-Hispanic white applicants for all types of loans; black and Hispanic applicants were subject to annual percentage rates that were at least 1.5 percentage points above the average prime offer rate for similar loans.
About 60 percent of homeless shelter residents were racial minorities. In emergency shelter sites, the number of children of African ancestry under 5 years was 28 times higher than their counterparts with Caucasian ancestry.
When requesting accommodations, applicants with distinctively African American names were 16 percent less likely to have their bookings accepted. When the name on a resume was distinctively African American, the applicant was significantly less likely to get an interview than identical applications with names perceived as white.
iv. Discrimination against Native Americans and other indigenous peoples
Indigenous people experience serious economic and health problems. According to a report in Daily Mail on February 15, 2011, more than 60 percent of the residents of Ziebach County in South Dakota, a community mainly composed of Native Americans, lived on or below the poverty line, and unemployment rates hit 90 percent in the winter.
In 2013, James Anaya, then UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous People, pointed out that indigenous people in the U.S. had a poverty rate twice as high as the national average. Also, their average life expectancy was 5.2 years shorter than the national mean.
v. Discrimination against Muslims
Racial discrimination places minorities at a disadvantaged position in employment, career development, earnings and general economic conditions. In the economic sector it tends to be implicit, but has a decisive impact on the life of minorities.
教师一方面要善于把学习的方法教给学生，如理解知识的最好途径，复习或巩固知识的方法；另一方面要让学生不断地总结自己的学习经验，学生之间开展学习方法和经验的交流，结合座谈会、报告会等形式使学生尽快掌握学习方法，适应新的学习内容和学习环境。
诚信教育的关键是实践，“社会实践是培养大学生道德品质的熔炉，是增强大学生的道德评价能力和道德修养自觉性的有效途径。”[2]儒家认为“富与贵，是人之所欲也，不以其道得之，不处也。贫与贱，是人之所恶也，不以其道去之，不去也。 ”[3]并强调在实践中“修身为本”[4]，做到“慎独”，达到不欺人，也不自欺的境界。这些对于市场经济条件下大学生的诚信教育有着非常重要的借鉴价值。
这天下午，妻子先去大姐家过了一夜。隔天早上，妻子跟大姐一起去省立医院看皮肤科门诊。那是妻子平生第一次去省立医院看病。要是她一个人去，那么大的一座门诊楼，那么多的就诊病人，根本就摸不着头脑。妻子像一个提线木偶似的，跟在大姐屁股后面，头昏脑涨地跑来跑去。那一刻，妻子觉出大姐是一位好大姐，不见一丝一毫嫌弃她的心理和举动。大姐领妻子走进门诊室，妻子坐在医生面前张口结舌不知道该说什么话。妻子说不好话，大姐替她说。大姐说，我家小妹身上长四块皮肤病，两腿的膝盖上长两块，两胳膊的胳膊肘上长两块。大姐让妻子卷衣袖，露出胳膊肘上的皮肤病，让医生看一看。卷衣袖方便，捋裤腿不方便。
A poll suggested that more than half of U.S. Muslims believe that the government's counter-terrorism policies involve additional surveillance and checks targeted solely against them.
vi. Discrimination against immigrants
The Washington Post reported on November 26, 2018 that the U.S. authorities fired tear gas on multiple occasions at the border with Mexico to stop immigrants from Central America, causing many injuries.
U.S. immigration policies are separating children from parents. The New York Times website reported on May 12, 2018 that the government has introduced a new “zero tolerance” policy, calling for criminal prosecution of everyone who enters the country illegally, in April. In the process, minors must be taken away from their parents in custody.
As a result, more than 2,000 migrant children have been separated from their parents. This policy has drawn strong criticism and protests from U.S. society and also the international community.
Women and children seeking asylum have suffered abuse and sexual assault. The Independent newspaper said in an online report on May 23, 2018 that there has been a startling increase in the number of instances where U.S. Border Patrol offi cers have abused children seeking shelter in the United States. It quoted an American Civil Liberties Union disclosure detailing 116 incidents where officers allegedly abused children between the ages of 5 and 17 physically, sexually or psychologically.
II. Social Impact of Racial Discrimination
Racial discrimination has led to worsening race relations, growing hate crimes and increasing societal breakdown in the U.S.
i. Worsening race relations
Statistics released by the Pew Research Center in August 2015 showed that 50 percent of U.S. residents thought racism was a serious social problem in the U.S., and 60 percent—14 percentage points higher than in the previous year—thought the government should make more effort to promote racial equality.
A report by the Pew Research Center showed that 52 percent of U.S. Muslims thought they were under government surveillance, 28 percent claimed they had been mistaken for wanted people, and 21 percent said they had to go through separate security checks at airports.
A National Broadcasting Company poll in 2016 found 77 percent of the respondents confi rming the existence of racial discrimination against African Americans, and 52 percent calling it a very serious problem.
ii. Growing hate crimes
The number of racial hate groups is growing. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there were 457 hate groups in 1999, 602 in 2000, and 1,000 by 2010. Their members were present at the white supremacist demonstrations in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017.
The number of racial hate crimes remains high. According to the FBI yearly statistics for hate crimes, an annual average of 6,000 hate crimes were reported from 2010 to 2015. About 60 percent of such crimes involved racial discrimination and 20 percent involved religious discrimination.
2.2 临床疗效及转归 治疗后，痊愈39例，治愈率为69.64%(39/56)；治疗无效病死9例，放弃治疗后病死8例，病死率为30.36%(17/56)。其中，病死与VAP之间存在关联的患儿有11例，占总病死患儿的64.71%(11/17)。
共搜集文献561篇，其中Pubmed 146篇，Cochrane Liberary 297篇，EMBASE 118篇。筛除重复文献121篇；研究者仔细阅读题目及摘要，剔除非药物研究38篇、综述类14篇、非临床研究等419篇；剩余的文献阅读全文做进一步筛选，排除非罗马诊断标准等7篇，最终纳入文献14篇［10‐23］。
（一）学生对音乐的兴趣不够强烈。在当前的高中音乐教学中，普遍存在着学生对音乐的兴趣不高，由此而导致高中音乐教育的质量和效果不好。并且高中阶段学生面临着较大的升学压力，而音乐又是作为副科而存在，所以并没有受到老师和学生以及学生家长的重视，久而久之音乐就渐渐从高中学生的视野中淡化了，最终的结果就是高中学生对音乐的兴趣越来越弱。
Latimes.com reported on November 13, 2018 that according to a report released by the FBI, hate crimes in the U.S. rose by more than 17 percent in 2017—the biggest annual increase since 2001. Among the 7,175 documented hate crimes in 2017, about 60 percent were motivated by racial discrimination and close to 50 percent of the victims were African Americans.
iii. Increasing societal breakdown
There are widely disparate views on racial discrimination in U.S. society. A Public Religion Research Institute study in 2016 showed that 64 percent of African American respondents complained about police abuse of power in their communities, while only 17 percent of white respondents shared this view. About 83 percent of white people had confi dence in law enforcement by the police, while only 48 percent of African Americans held the same view.
Whites and African Americans held completely different views on the police killing of African Americans. About 65 percent of white people and 15 percent of African Americans thought such incidents were unrelated individual cases, but as many as 81 percent of African Americans believed that such incidents were frequent in the U.S.
（2）接待部门职业素质较低。景区服务人员大多是当地农民，未经过专业培训，文化素质不高，服务意识较差，服务质量较低。在石门桂花村，有的饭店经营者或是小商贩甚至是老人家，不会说普通话，阻碍了与游客之间的交流沟通。
III. Systemic Racial Problems
Racial discrimination, deeply rooted in the history and realities of the United States, is a structural obstacle to the realization of equal rights and status for racial minorities, and also a profound cause of societal breakdown in the country.
For all its self-styled positioning as a defender of human rights, the United States has neither the will nor the ability to solve the severe racial discrimination on its own territory. This exposes its institutional and structural defects and the hypocrisy of its discourse on human rights.
按照响应面法得出最佳的发酵工艺，发酵得出百香果酸奶色泽均匀，为浅黄色；组织细腻，凝乳均匀，口感润滑，仅有极少量乳清析出，无分层、气泡；乳香和百香果特有香味浓郁，气味清新，且甜度适口，感官评分达94.33。
The status of race relations in the U.S. is determined by the country's political structure, historical traditions and ideology. Without their reform, there can be no way to break the impasse in racial discrimination, end the resulting vicious circle in race relations and protect the rights of minorities.
在日常生活中，许许多多的APP或者各式各样的网站会根据顾客的浏览历史记录或是其他的相关数据，较为准确的给顾客们推荐他们所感兴趣的内容，例如网易云音乐的每日推荐和亚马逊的推荐读物等等。这些看似神奇的推荐应用背后其实都仅仅是依靠着特定的推荐算法来实现的。
The Beijing-based China Society for Human Rights Studies released a report on July 26, analyzing the chronic and rampant racial discrimination in the United States and its failure to rectify it. The Deep-Rooted Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Highlights Its Hypocrisy on Human Rights shines a light on discrimination against minorities in employment, politics, the economy, culture and social life, and concludes that it shows the hypocrisy in the U.S.-style advocacy of human rights. This is an abridged version of the report:
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar