任务型阅读的整体教学设计，本文主要内容关键词为：教学设计论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
阅读教学在英语教学中占有重要的地位，具有培养学生的阅读技巧和阅读微技能的作用。笔者以人教版《高中英语》(NSEFC)必修模块2Unit 2 The Olympic Games中Reading部分的An Interview为例，谈谈如何进行任务型阅读的整体教学设计。
一、阅读任务的设计要求
在设计阅读任务时，教师应把课文作为一个整体来教。基于这一思路，笔者将任务型阅读的整体教学设计分为以下三个部分：
教师在设计阅读教学中的任务时还要注意以下几点：
1.任务要与阅读话题密切相关，并贴近学生的生活实际。教师应考虑所设计的任务在日常生活中是否存在，以及如何使任务更有意义和有可操作性。
2.任务设计要突出文章的语篇结构，尽可能包括文章（或段落）的主要内容。
3.注意任务的形式是否与文章的内容和体裁协调。
4.简化课文的内容和形式，便于学生开展讨论和辩论等拓展性任务活动。
5.设计互动性强、形式多样的任务，激发学生的参与热情，调动其学习积极性，提高学生的语言运用能力以及分析和解决问题的能力。
6.任务应由浅入深、前后连贯、层层深入，注意任务之间的衔接和层次，以保证课堂教学的整体性和流畅性。
二、阅读前的任务设计
学生对阅读材料的相关背景知识的熟悉程度是决定其理解程度的重要因素之一。笔者通过预读、预览等技巧，帮助学生把自己原有的知识与阅读中将要出现的新知识相结合，便于学生整体理解阅读材料。
1.头脑风暴法
笔者在阅读前以直观图片和视频片断等形式引入话题，激活学生头脑中的相关图式和背景知识，并通过小组讨论、主题汇报的方式，帮助他们热身，并预测课文的内容和结构。
Task:Talk about the following three pictures according to what you know about the Olympic Games.
T:Before we start to learn today's lesson,let's talk about the three pictures about the Olympics.Work in groups first and say something about them.
:Picture 1 is the statue of a great Greek.His name is Pausanias.
:Pausanias was a famous traveler and writer in the second century AD.His Guide to Greece,a comprehensive guidebook for tourists that I read last year,is so informative that it may be regarded as the foundation of classical archaeology.
:Picture 2 is the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.
:Maybe it is the largest principal stadium I have seen.It's very large and can hold thousands of audience.
:I can't make out the skating player in Picture 3.It seems to be an exciting skating competition in the 2002 Winter Olympics.
:I can tell you.She is a Chinese athlete named Yang Yang.She won a gold medal for China in the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.She is a famous skater.
2.调查竞赛法
笔者通过考查学生对奥运知识的了解程度引入话题，并设计了以下小测试来激活学生大脑中的相关图式；同时，通过抢答的方式让学生相互提问，交流自己所了解的奥运知识，使学生进一步了解奥运会，同时也为学习课文内容做好了铺垫。
三、阅读中的任务设计
笔者设计了信息转换型的任务和活动，以完整的视觉表象形式将课文的主要内容、人物和事件、故事的发展过程和场景等生动、清晰地呈现给学生。
1.信息匹配法
在这一阶段，笔者注意引导学生思考如下问题：What is the text mainly about?通过设计阅读中任务，鼓励学生灵活运用略读和寻读等阅读技巧，迅速捕捉文章中的主要信息和事实，帮助学生提高总结和概括能力。为此，笔者设计了如下信息匹配任务，以帮助学生归纳文章的主题思想。
Task:Tell us what each part of the text is mainly about and make a match.
Part 1(Para.1～2) A.The motto of the modern Olympic Games
Part 1(Para.1～2) B.The characteristics of the Summer and Winter Olympics
Part 2(Para.3～7) C.The similarities and differences between the ancient and the modern Olympics
Part 3(Para.8～11) D.Pausanias was amazed by the modern Olympic Games.
Part 4(Para.12～16) E.The aims of Pausanias' magical journey
以上任务能有效引导学生初步理解课文内容，并获取文章的主要信息。
课文的体裁不同，任务的形式也应随之改变。对于叙事体裁的阅读材料，教师可以设计记笔记 (Taking Notes)、画时间线(Drawing a Timeline)、重新排序(Re-ordering Events)和填写表格(Filling in the Table)等任务，帮助学生捕捉并理解阅读材料中的主要信息。
2.结构分析法
待学生理解了阅读材料的主题思想和段落大意后，笔者设计了流程图任务，旨在指导学生勾勒出文章的框架和脉络，清晰地展示文章的谋篇布局，以帮助学生深层次地理解语篇的逻辑结构、谋篇布局的技巧和主题思想。
Task:Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
:I think D is the correct answer.Because Part 1 is an introduction,which tells us why Pausanias had a magical journey.His aim was to find out information about the modern Olympics.Part 2 and 3 are supporting details.Part 4 is the conclusion that shows us the motto of the modern Olympic Games.
:I don't think so.Part 2 shows us the characteristics of the Summer and Winter Olympics.Part 3 tells us the similarities and differences between the ancient and modern Olympics.Therefore,the relationship between Part 2 and Part 3 is of equal rank.So A is the correct answer.
T:I am glad that you can find the main points of the passage.Let's see the tree diagram and check the result:
3.信息归类法
信息归类可以检测学生对阅读材料主要内容和框架结构的理解程度。具体做法是：根据文章的主题思想设置多个可以用来支持分论点的信息，并打乱其次序，要求学生将其插入阅读材料中的相应位置。
Task:Here are some examples which can be used in the reading passage.Go through the passage and see in which paragraph these examples should be.
①Part.______ No middle,long distance races or the 110-meter hurdles are included in the Winter Olympics.
②Part.______ Pausanias was a Greek traveler and writer in the second century AD.His Guide to Greek is such an informative guidebook that you can come on a magical journey to find out the ancient Olympic Games.
③Part.______ Just remember the spirit of the Olympic Movement—swifter,higher,stronger.
④Part.______ Only men and boys could compete in the athletics in the old days.Women could take part in chariot races with homes but this was the only event they could join in.Married women were not allowed to watch the Games; otherwise,they could be put to death.
4.因果配对法
因果配对法要求学生深刻理解所学文章，通过逻辑推理挖掘句子之间的因果关系，从而更清晰地了解语篇的脉络。例如，笔者设计了如下活动，让学生区分文章中哪些是观点，哪些是事实。
Task:Match the causes in the left column with the possible effects in the right column.
causes Effects
①I like the way the writing
A.Pausanias thinks that they
was organized.
should feel proud.
② China will host the 2008B.I like the idea of somebody
Olympic Games,which is a from ancient Greece coming
great honor. back to our time to find out
③All athletes can take part if
how things have changed.
they reach the standard to C.It was not easy for China to
be admitted to the Games.win over the developed
④It's just as much a countries to host the 29th
competition among countries
Olympics.
to host the Olympics as to D.Women are not only allowed
win an Olympic medal.to join in but also play a very
important role.
四、阅读后的任务设计
阅读后的任务要求学生评价和判断所学文章的主要内容，并能在类似的情景中运用所学知识。这种任务有助于培养学生的创造性思维，提高学生对文章的理解和分析能力。
1.意图猜测法
意图猜测法是引导学生进行评价性阅读的第一步。如果不了解作者的写作意图，学生理解文章内容时就可能产生歧义或误解。笔者设计了如下任务，引导学生从课文的来源、内容的呈现方式和版面设计等方面快速而准确地识别作者的写作意图和立场。
Task:What is the purpose of the writer?
①To attract more visitors to make a magical time journey.
②To let people know more about the Olympics.
③To amuse readers by making a magical story.
④To describe the importance of knowing the history of the Olympics.
2.主题辩论法
开展“赞成还是反对”的辩论活动，即师生共同从阅读材料中选出一些有争议或有代表性的观点和句子，让学生发表自己的看法，并陈述理由。这项任务有利于培养学生思维的广阔性、灵活性和深刻性。
Task:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Why?
①The modern Olympic Games are very important to our society.（□Agree □Disagree）
②It is important to win a sports match.（□Agree □Disagree )
③The 2008 Olympic Games will bring more good results to China.（□Agree □Disagree）
④The spirit of the Olympics is a good motto for sports and life in general.（□Agree □Disagree）
3.任务拓展法
拓展性任务可以引导学生讨论阅读材料中没有涵盖或论述不足的话题或观点，促进学生进一步挖掘文章的主旨和内涵。在本节课的结尾处，笔者设计了以下任务：
Task:Work in groups and have a discussion after rereading the passage and looking at some pictures of China's bid for the 2008 Olympics.
Topic①:Our government tried its best to compote for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games,which cost a lot of money.Do you think it was worthwhile to do that?
Topic②:Think about what we will do and what we can do for the 2008 Olympic Games.
通过讨论以上两个话题，学生了解了奥运会悠久的历史，领悟了奥运精神的内涵，坚定了我国办好2008年奥运会的决心与信心，也激发了学生的爱国热情。而且，通过开展“我们能为北京奥运会做些什么”的主题研讨，充分体现了学生积极参与奥运的主人翁意识。
五、结束语
任务型阅读的整体教学设计虽然没有固定的模式，却有其内在的规律。教师只有树立以学生为主体的思想，精心设计阅读教学的各个环节；充分调动学生参与阅读的积极性，同时通过观察自己的课堂行为，在验证和借鉴已有研究成果的基础上，才能形成自己的教学理念和独特的教学风格。