BENIGN INTERACTION AMONG MAJOR POWERS AND NEW-TYPE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
ZUO FENGRONG
Professor, Institute for International Strategic Studies, Party School of the Central Committee of CPC (National Academy of Governance)
“China is in the best period of development since modern times, while the world is undergoing the most profound and unprecedented changes in a century. The two are intertwined and mutually reinforcing.” This is a major strategic judgment made by Chinese President Xi Jinping on the contemporary world. In retrospect of how the world history has unfolded since the 20th century, we find the world is now undergoing unprecedented changes, with instability and uncertainty as the salient features. As a responsible major country, China strives to push the international community to move towards peace and progress. Based on the CPC's deep thinking on the historical question of “where the international relations are heading for” at a critical stage when the international landscape is going through major adjustment and the international rules are calling for a new round of changes, Xi Jinping proposed to forge a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation. Building a new type of international relations demands cordial major-country relations, because history shows us it is the major-country relations that steer the international relations and bring about changes to the international landscape.
MAJOR COUNTRIES SEE THE BALANCE OF POWER APPROACHING EQUILIBRIUM
The balance of power among major countries is now shifting from the imbalance immediately after the Cold War towards equilibrium, embodied in the moving of the world's center of economic gravity from west to east. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, developed countries have suffered faltering economic recovery and development, while the emerging market economies have enjoyed rapid economic development. It should be noted especially that the Chinese economy is surging and contributes over 30% to global economic growth. The trend is shifting the world's center of economic gravity from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific region. Such shifting has also led to changes in the international landscape from a unipolar world dominated by “a single super power” to a multipolar world.
China and Russia firmly support each other's rights to develop and revive, in safeguarding their core interests as well as choosing their own development paths and social and political systems. Significant progress has been made in bilateral practical cooperation, and strategic coordination and cooperation have reached a new height. On July 24, 2019, on the Neva River in St. Petersburg of Russia, people lined up to welcome the Xi'an warship of Chinese navy to visit and participate in the Russian Navy Festival, as in the picture.
During the volatile century from the Opium War to the founding of New China, China was basically a passive onlooker, with marginal impacts on the world history. It is only after the founding of New China in 1949 that China, a country pursuing an independent foreign policy, became an independent player with international influence. In the 1970s, China gradually took its place in the China-US-Soviet Union triangle. By the end of the 1980s, as the Soviet Union disintegrated and China successfully kicked off reform, China has become an important player extending worldwide influence. Entering the 21st century, China made further achievements through reform and gained stronger economic influence. In 1978, China was the world's 11th largest country in terms of economic volume, accounting for only 1.8% of the world's total. In 2018, China has become world's second largest economy, contributing nearly 16% to the world's GDP and exerting steadily growing economic influence. While China enjoys economic booming, Russia has emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union and aspires to revive as a power wielding global influence and a united EU has also gained increasing influence. Therefore, the balance of power among major countries is approaching equilibrium and the imbalance in international strategic structure is pivoting towards balance.
With greater strength and its closer ties with the world, China has gradually become an influential pole in the multipolar world. However, many countries find it hard to adapt to China's rapid rise and its growing influence. As its power relatively diminishes, the US President Donald Trump promised to “Make America Great Again”. To this end, he used means of containing other countries, resorting to unilateralism, “withdrawing from multiple international accords”, “exercising long-arm jurisdiction” over foreign enterprises, and attempting to turn US laws into world rules. The US' constantly challenging the existing international order has become the primary source of instability and uncertainty in the world. China, on the other hand, pushes forward the global development and progress in the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits. It is committed to working for world peace, contributing to global development and upholding the international order, serving as an important player that maintains peace and stability in the international order.
学生管理工作与教师自身素质分不开，有些教师受传统管理理念的影响，过分死板，忽视学生个体的发展需求，管理形式较为单一化和片面化。由于社会的进步，学校也在不断更新符合自身校园文化的学生管理制度，很多管理问题也随之出现，导致有时候很多管理问题得不到充分解决，大部分流于形式，执行不严，管理处于不规范、不稳定的状态。目前在学院“以学生为本”的全员育人环境还没有形成，很多学院的学生管理工作者对这一事业缺乏责任心，工作不积极，更多关注自己的事业，很少把心思放在学生身上，工作者思想体制不健全，缺乏学习交流的机会，导致思想能力跟不上制度的要求，管理制度效果不是很理想。
FORGING A NEW TYPE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IS A BREAKTHROUGH FROM THE TRADITIONAL WESTERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORIES
The traditional western theory on major-power relations emphasizes the fights between major powers for world hegemony. Western governments and think tanks also view China's rise and growth with their historical experience in mind. Thus, they hold the “China threat theory” in its various forms, worrying that China may replace the US as the global hegemon. Graham Allison put forward that China and America might fall into the Thucydides's trap. Professor John Mearsheimer at the University of Chicago put forward the theory of offensive realism, believing that “Great powers shaping the international system take precautions against each other and compete with one another for power. In fact, their ultimate goal is to maximize its share of world power and eventually dominate the system, because being the mightiest power is the best way for survival.” In their eyes, “international politics has always been a cruel and dangerous deal, and may remain so forever.”
Major countries with immense comprehensive strength and global influence and the groupings of them are the main forces shaping the world landscape. China, the US, Russia and Europe are critical players with unique roles in the contemporary world. It is thus impossible to establish the new-type international relations without building the new-type major-country relations. And the core of such relations is coordination, cooperation and benign interaction among major countries, instead of cutthroat competition.
Second, a framework for generally stable and balanced major-country relations should be established. Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of developing major-country relations, by stating that “China should promote coordination and cooperation with other major countries and work to build a framework for major country relations featuring overall stability and balanced development. China needs to proactively develop its relations with such major countries as Russia, the US and Europe.
The triangular relations are radically different from the triangle during the Cold War when the three parties restricted one another. China-Russia relations getting closer won't affect either China-US relations or Russia-US relations, whose deterioration follows its internal logic. The China-US relations focus on their economic ties and rivalry over global governance； the Russia-US relations focus on their competition for political and military influence； and the China-Russian relations are a comprehensive partnership. But the international arena also sees interactions among China, the US and Russia. Both the worsening of Russia-US relations and close China-Russia cooperation in international affairs contribute to Russia's diplomacy of “look to the east”. Unlike major countries engaging in zero-sum game, China pursues major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, which takes serving national rejuvenation and promoting human progress as its main task.
BENIGN MAJOR-COUNTRY INTERACTION IS CONDUCIVE TO FORGING A NEW TYPE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
It has become the consensus of the international community that the existing global governance system needs to be reformed. China opposes the acts of major powers to impose their will on others and instead proposes to jointly address the challenges facing the world and forge a new type of international relations with win-win cooperation at the core. Xi Jinping stressed: “China will continue to hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit and uphold its foreign policy goal of preserving world peace and promoting common development. China remains firm in its commitment to strengthening friendship and cooperation with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and to forging a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice and winwin cooperation.”
在对脱硫废水的软化处理过程中，由于氢氧化镁为松软的絮状沉淀且质量较轻，导致其自身沉降性能极差，如果完全软化，将导致软化池内出现大量不易沉降的泥浆，这些白色泥浆在沉降12h之后仍可占据废水体积的九成以上，所以应采用离心分离法、气浮法对传统的混凝工艺进行改良，改善废水中氢氧化镁的沉降。
Such theories holding that conflicts are inevitable among major countries guide the practice of western countries. However, China traditionally cherishes the aspiration for peace and doesn't accept the outdated logic that “great powers are necessarily hegemons”. China is thus determined to reject historical stereotype and explore a new path of peaceful development leading to winwin cooperation. Xi Jinping stressed that “the old mindset of zero-sum game should give way to a new approach of win-win and all-win cooperation. The interests of others must be accommodated while pursuing one's own interests, and common development must be promoted while seeking one's own development.” He also emphasized that “we should pursue win-win cooperation, promote a new model of international relations based on such cooperation, follow the mutually beneficial strategy of opening up and adopt the win-win approach to our external relations in the political, economic, security, cultural and other fields.” As the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, it is of great practical significance to forge a new type of international relations.
煤矿安全生产大数据分析平台的组成框架如图2所示。底层统一接入煤矿设备、生产、安全、监测、地测、管理等数据并进行抽取和清洗，通过Hadoop HDFS、分布式数据库HBase和数据仓库Hive实现海量数据存储访问，利用大数据计算引擎Spark和Storm在算法服务统一管理和算法运行统一调度框架下，提供煤矿大数据算法的离线和实时计算服务。
First, the relations in the China-USRussia triangle should be steered towards non-confrontation. As the world is witnessing the most intense geopolitical competition among major countries since the end of the Cold War, the triangular relations once again exert a significant impact on the world development. The US has labeled both China and Russia as strategic competitors. We are now seeing sharply intensified strategic competition between China and the US, increasingly serious confrontation between Russia and the US and substantially growing strategic coordination between China and Russia. In pursuit of their respective national interests, US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin intend to improve the bilateral relations, but the political resistance from various parties within the US and sharp conflict over geopolitics and strategic interests undermine their efforts to improve this pair of relations in the short term. In the meantime, the trade friction between China and the US has been going on for over a year, and may continue to deteriorate as concerned by many people. Such situation is unfavorable to both the countries involved and the whole world.
第二，政策制定和执行的需要。中国儿童福利的研究从一开始就是政策导向的，密切关注困境儿童面临的生存困境和急需解决的问题。政策制定和执行都需要建立在一个科学的、被普遍接受的概念体系之上。中国儿童福利制度的发展，需要对儿童面对的困难和问题做出政策回应。急需建立科学的和可操作的概念体系。随着纳入政策视野的儿童问题越来越多，困境儿童概念的外延有可能扩展。
The new-type international relations surpass the traditional western theories of international relations and aim to push forward the transformation and fundamental change of international relations. The new type of international relations discards the theory of zerosum game and the cold war mentality of “I win and you lose” in major-country competition that is prevailing in western traditional theories of international relations. Rather, such relations emphasize win-win cooperation, especially that between major powers； champion the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, oppose individual countries' pursuit of absolute security at the sacrifice of other countries' interests and their efforts to provoke arms race； emphasize dialogue rather than confrontation, partnership rather than alliance, mutual respect and common development. The concept of new-type international relations provides a new approach to develop stateto-state relations in today's world.
在库恩看来，“一个新理论只有在常规的问题解决活动宣告失败之后才突现出来”[2]63，新理论是对危机的一个直接的回答，危机是新理论出现的一个前提条件。“科学中像制造业中一样，更换工具是一种浪费，只有在不得已时才会这么做。危机的意义就在于：它指出更换工具的时机已经到来了。”[2]65危机和反常一样，是范式动态性的重要表现。反常和危机伴随着常规科学的发展，如何应对常规科学中越出范式所预期的现象和问题成为了科学共同体成员重要的任务。
Russia is China's largest neighboring country and a world power. The two countries share extensive common interests. The China-Russia bilateral relations are progressing smoothly, as a shining example of major-country and neighboring-country relations. China and Russia steadfastly back each other's efforts to pursue national rejuvenation and development, safeguard core interests, and make independent choice of development paths and political systems. The two countries have achieved remarkable pragmatic cooperation outcomes and lifted strategic coordination and cooperation to new heights. China and Russia has establishing a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination that serves their common development and carried out pragmatic cooperation in the principle of non-alliance, non-confrontation and non-targeting at any third party. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations in 2019, the two heads of state signed the Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Developing Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination for a New Era on June 5th, announcing the upgrading of bilateral relations to jointly open a new era of higher level and greater development of China-Russia relations. In today's world with dramatic changes unseen in a century, mounting instability and uncertainty, and frequent occurrence of such unpredictable events as the “black swan” and “grey rhinoceros”, China-Russia relations have become the strongest stabilizer in international relations.
The development of China-US relations is also under the spotlight. A sound China-US cooperation can become a ballast stone of world stability and a booster of world peace. In the era of globalization, China and the US could and should blaze a new path different from that of conflicts and confrontation between great powers in history and work together to build a new type of relationship between major countries featuring non-conflict and non-confrontation based on mutual respect, cooperation and win-win results. Harboring misgivings over China's rapid rise, the US has constantly stirred up troubles in China's neighborhood and held high the banner of trade protectionism to contain China's rise. But the fact is China's development doesn't depend on the US, but on the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Moreover, at a time when economic ties are increasingly intertwined, people-topeople exchanges are growing and the need for jointly addressing global challenges is becoming ever stronger, the international relations are no longer simply geopolitical rivalry as they were during the Cold War. The China-US relations are, in nature, distinctly different from the bilateral relations between the US and the Soviet Union, which featured all-round competition and confrontation by means of building military alliance. Under the new circumstances, China and the US should end the zero-sum game among traditional major powers as happened in history, actively seek consensus and work together in pushing forward a China-US relationship based on coordination, cooperation and stability.
Europe is an important pole in a multi-polar world and China's comprehensive strategic partner. China should view China-EU relations from a strategic perspective and work together with the EU to combine the two powers, two markets and two civilizations to jointly forge four major China-EU partnerships for peace, growth, reform and civilization, so as to expand the global influence of the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership and make a greater contribution to world development and prosperity. China has always firmly supported the European integration and expected the EU to play a role as an independent force in the international arena. Both China and the EU are committed to building an open world economy and share many common views on opposing unilateralism and trade protectionism. China and the EU will continue to strengthen strategic communication and coordination on UN affairs, WTO reform, climate change and other critical issues. Special attention should be paid to Donald Trump's attempts to draw the EU and Japan close to form the so-called “fair trade” alliance and undermine China-EU relations.
Third, efforts should be made to strengthen cooperation among major countries on global governance. On this issue, “China follows the principle of achieving shared outcomes through extensive consultation and joint contribution in engaging in global governance. China stands for democracy in the international relations and the equality of all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor. China supports the United Nations in playing an active role in international affairs, and supports the efforts of other developing countries to increase their representation and strengthen their voice in international affairs. China will continue to play its part as a major and responsible country, take an active part in reforming and developing the global governance system, and keep contributing Chinese wisdom and strength to global governance.” China actively participates in global governance and promotes the reform of the global governance system. “China is a participant, a builder, a contributor and also a beneficiary of the existing international system. Reforming and perfecting the existing international system does not necessarily mean establishing one more system instead, but making it head even closer to fairness and reasonability.” China underlines that global governance, as a shared task for the international community, should always adhere to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits.
As the international landscape shifts, the international system is faced with the task of transformation and global governance has encountered many new problems and challenges. China's fundamental proposition about the reform of global governance system is to increase the representation and strengthen the voice of developing countries, including China, in international affairs, so as to make the international order more just and reasonable. Closer coordination and cooperation among major countries on global governance is of special importance. First, the five UNSC permanent members should enhance coordination and cooperation to avoid disruption caused by major-country rivalry. Their responsible cooperation is specially needed in formulating international rules in such new fields as the Internet, deep sea, polar regions and space. Second, major countries should attach importance to the role of the UN, actively work towards the realization of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and take active measures to tackle climate change and other global issues. Third, China should support the G20, which enjoys a broader base, to play a positive role in economic governance. The principles of the new type of international relations should be established in global governance to advocate win-win global cooperation.
DOI: 10.19422/j.cnki.cn10-1398/d.2019.04.002
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