英语中句子的替代,本文主要内容关键词为:英语论文,句子论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
在中学英语课文中,我们常见到这样一种情况:为了避免重复上文中提到的某一个分句,或者为了加强上下文之间的联系,常常在下文中用this,that,it so,not,which或as等词来替代这个分句。弄清这些词与上下文中分句的对应关系,对于语言交际和阅读理解来说至关重要。
一、this既可以表示“以上所述”,也可以表示“以下所述”;that可以表示“以上所述”,不能表示“以下所述”。例如:
1)All I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English我所要说的是:语音在英语学习中是很重要的。
2)He has had a bad cold.That's(or This is)why he did not attend the meeting.他患了重感冒,这就是他没有来开会的原因。
二、it作为形式主语或形式宾语,用来替代一个分句。其结构模式为:
A.It is+形容词+that分句 例如:
1)It is disappointing that she didn't phone me.她没有给我打电话,那是令人失望的。
2)It's interesting that you should like him.真有意思,你竟然喜欢他。
B.除that引导的主语从句外,其它从属连词、连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句也可以出现在含形式主语it的结构中。例如:
3)It hasn't been decided whether we shall attend the meeting.我们是否出席会议仍未作出决定。
4)It doesn't matter when you arrive-Just come when you can.你什么时候到无关紧要——只要能来,你就来。
5)It wasn't very clear what she meant.她的意思不十分清楚。
C.主语+find/make/think/consider+It+形容词+that从句 例如:
6)George made it clear that he disagreed.乔治明确地表示他不同意。
7)I think it necessary that we should keep calm.我认为我们有必要保持安静。
D.主语+find/consider/make+it+名词+that从句 例如:
8)I find it my duty that I should help others.我觉得帮助别人是我的职责。
9)We all thought it a pity that you couldn't join us.我们都认为你不能来参加我们的活动是很遗憾的事。
E.主语+take it+for granted+that从句 例如:
10)I took it for granted that they would come and join us.我想他们会来加入到我们的行列中来的。
三、so作为替代词,可代替think,hope,suppose,believe,expect等动词后面的以及it seems/appears和be afraid后面的that从句。not作为替代词,可用在这些动词或结构后面以代替含否定意义的that从句。例如:
1.-Do yon believe that he is honest?你真的相信他诚实吗?
-Yes,I believe so.(so=that he is honest)是的,我相信。
2.-Have you got enough money?你有足够的钱吗?
-I think so,(so=that I have got enough money)我想有。
3.-Is it true that Jack has had a heart attack?约翰真的犯心脏病了?
-I am afraid so.(so=Jack has had a heart attack)恐怕是这样的。
4.-We are not going to be in time.我们来不及了。
-No,I suppose not.(not=that we are not going to be in time)是的,恐怕来不及了。
附注:
A.有时候,so还可以用来代替say和tell后面的that从句。例如:
-You are in big trouble.你的处境很麻烦。
-Who says so?(so=that I am in big trouble)谁说的?
B.if so,if not可用来代替完整的if从句。例如:
1.Have you got a free evening next week?If so(=If you have got a free evening next week),let's have dinner together.下周哪个晚上你有空?如果有空,咱们一起吃顿饭。
2.Is anybody feelling cold?If not(=If no one is feeling cold),let's put the central heating off.有谁感到冷吗?如果没有,咱们就把暖气关掉。
四、which,as作为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句。例如:
1.They are hollow,which makes them very light.它们(竹子)的茎是空的,因此重量很轻。(which的先行项是主句they are hollow.)
2.He said he was poor,which was true.他说他很穷,那是真的。(which指代he was poor。)