【关键词】:锁定钢板;髓内钉;胫骨中上段骨折;内固定
Objective To explore the internal fixation method of locking plate monocortical fixation combined with expert locking intramedullary nail in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the middle and upper tibia with difficult recurrence and to observe the clinical effect. Method The clinical data of 42 patients with comminuted fractures of the middle and upper tibia with locking plate monocortical fixation combined with expert-type locking intramedullary nail were retrospectively analyzed from January 2015 to March 2019. There were 24 males and 18 females, ranging in age from 21 to 68 years, with an average age of 39.6 years.Causes of injuries: 36 cases of traffic accident injuries, 6 cases of heavy press injuries. According to AO classification, the fractures were 42C1 in 14 cases, 42C2 in 21 cases, and 42C3 in 7 cases. 5 cases with phil total nerve damage, 6 cases of open fractures, according to Anderson - Gustilo parting Ⅰ type 4 cases, type II in 2 cases. The clinical function was evaluated on the basis of Johner-Wruhs functional score 2d after operation.Postoperative wound healing, preoperative and postoperative CR film, three-dimensional CT examination and knee and ankle joint function recovery were regularly observed. According to Johner-Wruhs scoring standard: excellent 40 cases, good 2 cases, excellent and good rate 100%.The function of common peroneal nerve recovered obviously in 3 cases, but not in 2 cases.Result This group was followed up for 12 ~ 40 months, with an average of 21 months. 35 cases of skin healing in the first stage, 7 cases of skin grafting or vascularized flap healing in the second stage, 38 cases of fracture in the first stage, 4 cases of delayed healing, without complications such as osteomyelitis and bone disconnection. Conclusion Locking plate monocortical fixation combined with expert-type locking intramedullary nail in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the middle and upper tibia with difficult retraction has good clinical efficacy and safety, and can create favorable conditions for the recovery of common peroneal nerve injury in patients on the basis of ensuring healing and good reduction quality.However, the degree of soft tissue injury must be correctly evaluated before surgery and the timing of surgery should be reasonably selected.
【key word】Locking plate; Intramedullary nail; Fracture of the middle and upper tibia; Internal fixation
胫骨中上段粉碎性骨折大多由高能量暴力引起,具有局部软组织损伤严重、骨折移位或粉碎明显、漂浮的骨折段容易缺血坏死、骨折不愈合率及感染率较高、治疗难度较大等特点,治疗方法主要采用髓内钉、钢板、外固定架[1]。然而对于难复性胫骨中上段粉碎性骨折,单一采用以上方法有时很难达到理想的复位,骨质的丢失,结构性不完整是导致日后骨折不愈合,内固定失败的主要原因。笔者回顾分析2015年1月至 2019 年3月对42例难复性中上段粉碎性骨折的患者均采用小切口经皮锁定钢板单皮质固定联合专家型带锁髓内钉的方法。现报告如下。
1临床资料本组42例,男24例,女18例;年龄21~68 岁,平均39.6岁。交通事故伤36例,重物压伤6例。骨折按AO分型:42C1型 14例,42C2型 21例,42C37例。术前5例伴腓总神经损伤,6例为开放性骨折,根据 anderson-Gustilo 分型Ⅰ型4例,II 2例。合并伤8例,其中脑挫裂伤3例,硬膜外血肿1例,肺挫伤合并肋骨骨折4例。
2治疗方法2.1手术方法:术前对症治疗,做好术前评估,待患者病情稳定后,根据患者全身情况选择硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉。取仰卧位屈髋屈膝,自髌骨下缘向下做纵形切口长约3~4cm。纵行劈开髌韧带,自胫骨平台下1cm正中稍偏内侧,电钻钻入克氏针导针,C臂机透视下确认开口位置无误后,空心开口器沿着克氏针钻入约1~2cm后,用7号硬扩沿着开孔位置自近端向远端进入,靠近骨折近端时,助手持续牵引下手法闭合复位骨折断端,若复位困难,术中可采用小切口联合点式复位钳及克氏针临时固定,对合好骨折远端,左右旋转手柄,旋入硬扩,根据实际情况决定是否扩髓。C臂机透视下确认胫骨力线良好后保留硬扩于髓腔内防止复位的骨折端再次移位,于骨折远近端各做一长约2cm长度的切口(根据软组织损伤情况,切口选择外侧或内侧),经皮插入上肢锁定钢板,远近端各拧入3枚长度约8~12mm的锁定钉做单皮质固定。C臂机透视确定骨折复位良好,并确认髓内钉长度后退出硬扩,本组选用专家型髓内钉均不予扩髓。选择长短合适,以及近端弯曲度匹配的髓内钉于开孔处将其旋入,至尾端与胫骨平台相平。其中因骨折粉碎造成复位穿钉困难,行有限切开复位16例(开放性骨折6例,闭合性骨折10例),确认髓内钉位于骨髓腔内,在远端拧入2~4枚交锁钉,C臂机透视下确认复位满意后,拧入近端2~4枚交锁钉,行静态固定,骨质缺损严重者,取髂骨植骨,1%碘伏冲洗切口后给予减张缝合。2例皮肤组织损伤缺损,二期给予带血管蒂皮瓣转移修复创面;3例待创面肉芽组织新鲜后植皮修复,其余均一期愈合。2.2术后处理:闭合骨折者给予应用广谱抗生素头孢呋辛注射剂24~48小时,开放性骨折者则根据药敏培养结果选择敏感抗生素至切口完全愈合,严格遵循无菌换药原则,同时抬高患肢利于消肿,早期进行患肢肌力及各关节屈伸锻炼。密切随访,根据放射学检查结果决定下地负重时间。治疗全程贯穿ERAS(快速康复)理念,减少患者全身应激反应,加速患肢功能康复。
3治疗结果本组42例,术后X线片示36例骨折解剖位(其中使用阻挡钉5例),6例功能复位,16例有限切开复位,钢板、髓内钉及锁钉位置良好;闭合性骨折均Ⅰ期愈合,开放性骨折中3例伤口表浅感染,敞开换药至愈合,II型2例皮肤软组织损伤缺损,二期行小腿腓肠肌皮瓣修复。随访7~24月,平均13个月,骨折均愈合。按照Johner-wruh评分标准[2]评定,优36例,良5例,中1例,优良率97.61%。
4讨论4.1经皮锁定钢板单皮质固定联合专家型带锁髓内钉治疗难复性胫骨中上段粉碎性骨折优点:胫骨中上段粉碎性骨折多为高能量损伤,软组织损伤严重,骨折移位明显,极不稳定,复位固定难度大,并发症多,治疗除要尽量好的复位、坚强固定外,还要尽量保护骨膜软组织血液循环,以利骨折愈合,降低感染率,所以临床处理困难。传统的闭合复位外固定及开放复位内固定或跟骨牵引,多数骨折复位欠佳,骨折的稳定性差,固定时间长,对骨折块血液供应破坏大,易造成切口感染、骨折不愈合或畸形愈合、踝膝关节僵硬等并发症。经皮锁定钢板单皮质固定联合专家型带锁髓内钉能有效控制骨折旋转和骨折端短缩移位,可使骨折获得较好的对线对位,闭合穿钉和有限切开复位,对骨折干扰小,能早期功能锻炼,临床并发症较少[3],防止骨折的发生。4.2手术时机:二期手术时机的选择应避免牵引时间过长导致骨折处的畸形愈合,而过早手术则易出现切口感染、坏死,所以一般从受伤入院急诊处理后至二期行内固定受伤治疗的时间以 5 ~ 10 d 为宜[4]本组42例,除开放性骨折16例,合并伤8例,均在入院7天后待病情稳定,患肢肿胀消退后进行。4.3骨折端的处理:在插入髓内钉之前,可以使用手法复位或使用复位床、外固定支架或牵开器进行复位。导向克氏针可以标记显示髓内钉在胫骨髓腔内的通路。当通过导向克氏针插针时,还可调整各骨折块间的对线(实心髓内钉不允许这个过程,但可以通过上肢锁定钢板单皮质固定来维持已复位的骨折块)。插钉的过程通常在C臂机透视下进行,然后将髓内钉近端和远端交锁以维持骨折块的复位。专家型髓内钉近端和远端交锁方案的选择(数量、位置、方向)进一步提高了内固定结构对骨折的稳定性。髓内钉固定后,骨折的愈合主要靠外骨痂来完成的,因而,对骨折端骨外膜的保护尤为重要。闭合穿钉是保护骨折端骨外膜的最有效方法,但术者要接受大量X线照射。我们认为,开放穿钉复位切口尽可能小,不增大原始骨膜的创伤面而达到骨折复位的目的为较好方法。本组病例一切以保护与碎骨块相连的骨膜为前提,不强求碎骨块一一对位良好,只要骨膜保持相对完整,靠骨膜的牵拉使碎骨块相互靠拢即可。骨折端缺损明显,取自体骨填充了骨折间隙,利用生物学上成骨、骨诱导、骨传导的优点以利于骨折愈合。4.4是否扩髓:当未行扩髓,则髓内钉仅对软组织产生极小的损伤。因此血供通过未受伤的骨内膜及外骨膜被最大限度保留。而扩髓可置入较粗的带锁髓内钉,增加稳定性,髓腔扩髓后暂时破坏了内骨膜的血供,但是其可能刺激再血管化的发生,因此骨折也能够愈合。对于中上段粉碎性骨折我们不主张扩髓,因为扩髓会破坏髓内血液循环,增加感染机会,扩髓时骨折段易发生扭转,造成血液供应丧失或加重软组织损伤。本组对胫骨髓腔直径大于9mm者,均未行扩髓,而扩髓者和不扩髓者对骨折愈合时间与速度并无影响。
综上所述,经皮锁定钢板单皮质固定联合专家型带锁髓内钉治疗难复性胫骨中上段粉碎性骨折具有良好的临床疗效与安全性,该术式相对微创,不仅能够在保证愈合、良好复位质量的基础上为患者腓总神经损伤的恢复创造有利条件,还能大大降低感染率,优化治疗过程。但是术前必须正确评估软组织损伤的程度,合理选择手术时机。
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论文作者:黄晶1,游必凯1,吴世龙2
论文发表刊物:《医师在线》2020年8期
论文发表时间:2020/5/6