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英语的过去分词可以在句子中作定语、状语、表语或宾语补足语。其作用相当于形容词或副词,其含义为“被动”或“完成”。过去分词(短语)作定语和状语,是高考题中常涉及的内容之一。一般说来,过去分词作定语时,相当于一个定语从句,而由过去分词充当的状语可以变成相应的状语从句。下面就过去分词作定语和状语的用法作一简要归纳:
一、过去分词作定语
1.过去分词作定语,通常放在所修饰的名词前;过去分词短语作定语用时,通常放在所修饰的名词后,但意义稍有区别:过去分词作定语表示名词目前所处的状态。过去分词短语作定语,强调被动的动作。例如:
an organized trip有组织的旅行(表目前的状态)(但:a trip organized by the League由共青团组织的旅行)(强调具体的动作),a broken cup打破的茶杯(a cup broken by me被我打破的茶杯)。
2.过去分词作定语用时相当于一个定语从句,其“被动”与“完成”的含义可在从句中察觉出来。例如:
An organized trip is a trip which is organized by somebody or some organization.有组织的旅行就是由某机构组织的旅行。(被动)
Fallen leaves are the leaves which have fallen on the ground.落叶就是已经落到地上的树叶。(完成)
A ploughed field is a field which has beenploughed.犁过的田地就是已经被犁了的田地。(被动、完成)
二、过去分词作状语
分词作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子主语一致,否则就成了垂悬分词。这是分词作状语的一个重要原则,分词作状语与其逻辑主语之间有主动和被动关系,主动关系用现在分词;被动关系用过去分词。过去分词作状语应注意以下问题。
1.过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语应是句子的主语。也就是说,它所表示的动作,必须是其逻辑主语(即句子的主语)所承受的动作,否则就不能用过去分词。例如:
____more attention,the tree could have grown better.(NMET 1990)
A.GivenB.To give
C.GivingD.Having given
A对。这里分词所表示的动作是句子的主语the tree所承受的动作,故用过去分词。请看下面这个句子。
*Lost in thought,the car almost ran into him.
这里过去分词所表示的动作不是主语the car所承受的动作,所以这是个错句。此句应改为:Lost inthought,he almostran into the car.
2.过去分词作状语相当于一个被动语态的状语从句。
(1)作时间状语
相当于when引导的状语从句。如果两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when,while,until,till,once等以使其时间意义更明确。例如:
Seen from the hill,the city looks more beautiful.(=When it is seen from the hill,...)从山上看,城市显得更美。
When shot in the leg,he continued to fire back.
(=When he was shot in the leg,...)腿受伤后,他继续还击。
(2)作原因状语
相当于because,as,since引导的从句。这类状语多放在句子前半部分。例如:
Given advice by the famous detective,the young lady was no longer afraid.(=Since/As she was given advice by the famous detective,...)有了著名侦探的指点,姑娘不再害怕了。
Deeply shocked,I was unable to speak.(=As I was deeply shocked,...)我大为震惊,连话都说不出来了。
(3)作条件状语
相当于if,unless引导的从句,常见的引导条件状语从句的过去分词有given,invited,provided,compared with等。例如:
Given more time,they would be able to do it better.(=If they were given more time,...)如果多给一些时间,他们会干得更好。
I shall not go unless invited.(=I shall not go unless I am invited.)除非受到邀请,否则我是不会去的。
(4)作伴随状语
延续性动词的过去分词作状语时,用来表示一个伴随的动作或状态,但一般不能改为状语从句,但可改为并列句。例如:
The lady returned home,followed by Mr Holmes.(=The lady returned home and(she) wasfollowed by Mr Holmes.)姑娘回家,福尔摩斯跟在后面。
He turned away,disappointed.(=He turned away and(he) was disappointed.)他失望地转身离去。
(5)作方式状语
过去分词作方式状语时,多由as,as if,as though引导,并可改为相应的状语从句。例如:
We did it as told to.(=We did it as we were told to.)我们按要求做了。
He lay still as if beaten to death.(=He lay still as if he was beaten to death.)他躺着一动也不动,好像被打死了似的。
(6)作让步状语
相当于although/though,even if/though引导的从句。例如:
Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.(=Thought he was wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.)战士虽然受了伤,仍然勇敢作战。
Even if/though invited,he won't go.(=Even if/though he is invited,he won't go.)即使请他,他也不会去的。
3.过去分词作状语时,可放在句首、句中或句末,但放在句首的情况较多。
4.过去分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,需在过去分词前面加上主格的逻辑主语,这叫做独立主格结构。例如:
All things considered,it is a good plan.从全面考虑,这个计划是好的。