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开放性问题,即open question,在小学英语教学中扮演着越来越重要的角色。设计精当的问题不仅能帮助学生理解所学内容,掌握词汇语法,更能启发学生思维,发展其各方面的智能。开放性问题不同于一般问题,它们往往比较复杂,有一定的深度,不会让学生以简单的“Yes”或“No”来进行回答,而是最大限度地鼓励学生启动每一个英语思维细胞及知识储备来回答问题。当然,教师给出的反馈和评价将对整个答案的完整性起着至关重要的作用。所以说,开放性问题是一种较高层次的问题,它不拘泥于表象,不停留在幼儿时期的盲从回答,而是真正地使学生掌握英语的表达与交流。
一、开放性问题的特点
“开放性问题”是相对于“限定性问题”而产生的。课堂提问的主要目的是使学生参与到语言活动中来,有效的提问能使学生作出迅速的、相关的、完整的回答。在传统英语教学中,“限定性问题”占据了问题总量的大部分,但是随着上海二期课改的深入,对学生各方面能力培养的重视程度越来越高,“开放性问题”逐渐成为课堂提问的主流。它在要求学生进行头脑风暴的同时,对教师也提出了更高的要求。一般而言,开放性问题具有下列特点。
1.内容的有意义性
无论是开放性问题还是限定性问题,内容都要具有一定的意义,教师不能天马行空地为了提问而提问。传统的提问大多从语法角度、教学重难点角度出发,而开放性问题则更侧重从学生的认知、思维角度进行设计。例如,在《牛津英语》(上海版)5A“A visit to Ocean Park”中,课文内容配合不同的图片,每幅图片蕴含一两个问题,全部都是wh—问题。这里,把开放性问题与限定性问题进行对比:
Picture
开放性问题限定性问题
(Wh-问题)(yes/no问题)
1 Where axe Janet and Si-Are Janet and Simon going
mon going? to Ocean Park?
2 Who is the man? What isIs the man a diver?
he doing?
3 What are the dolphins do- Are the dolphins jumping
ing7
and swimming?
4 What can the children see Can the children see the
in the aquarium?
dolphins in the aquarium?
5 where are Janet and Si-Are Janet and Simon going
mon going? to the restaurant?
当然,特殊疑问句和一般疑问句都是有必要的,但教师应该把握两者的数量和比例。针对上述五幅图片,我设计了以下一些问题:
·How are Janet and Simon going to Ocean Park?
·What views do you think they can see at the top of the mountain?
·What do you think of the diver?
·Do you think dolphins cleverer than dogs?
与传统的特殊疑问句和一般疑问句相比,新设计的问题显然更有意义。它们不是为了提问而提问,或为了语法训练而提问,而是真正地从学生认知角度、思维启发方向,结合教材内容加以“意义化”的修正和设计,学生能对问题进行有意义的思考、语言组织和回答。
2.句式的不单一性
开放性问题的句式非常多样,多以How、why、What do you think、If等开头,让学生有想象和发挥的空间。比如,在《牛津英语》(上海版)5B Module 3 Unit 3课文“What is the weather like?”中,开放性问题有:
·What did Hong plant?
·What did Hong build?
·What did Hong cut?
·Where did Hong put the rice?
·Where was Hong in winter?
其实,根据课文内容,教师还可以设计一些更有意思的开放性问题,如:
·What do you think of Hong?
·How many farmers are there in China?
·If you were a farmer,how do you run your farm?
3.答案的不统一性
心理学认为,符合学生认知水平、适合大多数学生能力水准的“最近发展区”的教育和教学才是最有效的。能否激发学生学习的兴趣,诱发学生的学习动机,调动思维的积极性,很大程度上取决于教师在教学过程中设计的问题是否适度。
开放性问题追求个性化的答案,也就是答案的不统一性。它是多元的,不定的,具有很强的发散性。当然,教师应该鼓励一些正面的、有积极意义的答案,避免不合常理的古怪答案。譬如,在回答“If you are a farmer,how do you run your farm?”时,每个学生都有自己不同的想法.以下是我的课堂实录片段(片段一):
T:How do you run your farm if you were a farmer?
S1:I want to make a lot of money.
T:How do you do that?
S1:Cows make milk,hens make eggs and pigs make meat.All of them can.be sold out and then I he come very rich.
T:That sounds nice! What about you?
S2:I will invite many people to visit my farm.
T:Why? Is your farm very interesting?
S2:Yes.I think so.I want to plant tall trees,beautiful flowers and all kinds of vegetables in the field.I want to make many friends all over the world.
T:Can I visit your farm in the future?
S2:You are welcome!
在这段课堂实录中,有两个学生进行了不同的回答,一个想通过农场来赚钱,另一个想通过农场来结交世界各地的朋友。可见,他们的思维都比较活跃,也能用简单的英语来表达。
二、开放性问题的设计
课堂提问的主要目的是让学生参与到课堂活动中来,有效提问能使学生作出迅速的、相关的且完整的回答。如果课堂提问造成学生长时间的沉默,或者只有最好的学生才能给出答案,或者学生只能作出十分简短的或不正确的回答,那么我们的课堂提问一定出了问题。
开放性问题的设计涉及到许多方面,如教学内容、教学目标和学生认知水平等,需要教师进行统筹考虑。
1.围绕主题
开放性问题通常围绕某一个主题。教师在设计问题时,应进行适当的拓展,但是不能过于偏离轨道、天马行空。比如,我在教授《牛津英语》(上海版)5B“Ben likes loud music”一课时,设计如下一些问题:
·What kind of music do you like? Why?
·What kind of music don' t you like? Why not?
·Do you know any musicians? What kind of music does he/she play?
由于此前我在课堂上已经教授了一些关于音乐流派的单词,如rock music,soft music,country music,classicalmusic,new age music,ballad,folk songs,并简单介绍了这些音乐的特征,所以学生在回答问题时,给出许多精彩的答案。以下是课堂实录片段(片段二):
T:You have known many kinds of music.What kind of music do you like best?
S1:I like soft music.
T:Why ?
SI:Because soft music makes me peace.
T:Do you know any musicians?
S1:My favourite singer is Enya.
T:What kind of music does she play?
SI:New Age I guess.
T:What about you? Can you talk about something about your favourite music and musician?
S2:Well,I like rock music best because it makes me exciting.
T:Who is your idol?
S2:Michael Jackson.
T:Oh,he dances well.
音乐种类多种多样,歌手千千万万,不同的学生有不同的喜好,有的孩子喜欢安静的轻音乐,有的喜欢热闹的摇滚乐,有的喜欢中国歌手,有的喜欢国外歌星。围绕音乐这一主题,肯定有很多的话可以说,但我们不可能毫无范围地泛泛而谈。为此,我结合课文内容设计了上述有关音乐种类和最喜爱歌手的开放性问题,取得了很好的教学效果。
2.贴近生活
课堂提问要坚持“贴近生活”的原则,与学生的生活相关,与学生所处社会环境相关。英语是一门语言,最大的用途是学会交际。如何结合课文内容巧妙地使得课堂提问“生活化”,需要教师刻苦钻研,这是检验一个教师日常观察能力的标尺。
以《牛津英语》(上海版)2B“The four seasons”一课为例。这篇课文讲述了在不同季节想做的不同事情,主要句型是“I like doing in..(season)”。对二年级小学生来说,一年四季的情境和内容并不陌生。为此,我围绕二年级小学生的认知水平和生活经验,设计如下开放性问题:
·Which season do you like?
·What' s the weather like in spring?
·What do you like doing in autumn?
·Can you make snowmen in summer?
·How is winter? Is it warm or cool?
这些问题贴近小学生的生活,他们轻松地给出答案,以下是我的课堂实录片段(片段三):
T:Do you like summer?
S:No,I don' t.Summer is too hot.
T:Well,which season do you like best?
S:I like winter.
T:Why do you like it? It' s so cold.
S:I like making snowmen and (停顿一下)春节。
T:Wow,you mean Spring Festival.It' s really interesting.
在这个实录片断中,我们可以看到二年级小学生已经基本上能够用现有的语言来进行表达。在遇到陌生单词的时候,他们能够将中文穿插其中进行表述。此时,教师要及时告知新单词,最好采用板书的形式。在师生对话中,教师采用了三种不同的句式,层层递进,从易到难并紧扣主题。
针对季节主题,我还设计过另一个有趣的情境:Weather Father is going to retire and he needs a child to run four seasons.Do you want to join it? If you are Weather Father,how can you do? Look,there' s a chart,everyone can design it.
SeasonMonthReason
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
我要求学生在十分钟内完成表格并作好汇报的准备。以下是课堂实录片段(片段四):
T:Can you show us your chart?
S:Of course,here it is.
Season Month
Reason
Spring 2,3,4,5,6
Spring out going/ride bicycles
Summer7 too hot/swim
Autumn 8,9,10,11
fly kites/eat fruits
Winter
12,!
too cold/make snowmen
T:You like spring and autumn,right?
S:Yes.
T:Tell us,if you were Weather Father,how can you do?
S:I make spring and autumn longer.
T:Why?
S:It isn' t hot or cold,we can do many things.
T:But there are also many interesting things we can do in summer and winter.
S:Summer is too hot and winter is too cold.My mother doesn' t like summer and my father doesn' t like winter.
T:You' re a good boy.You love your parents so much.
从这个教学片段中,我们可以看出小孩子的想象力还是比较丰富的,同时具备了儿童的年龄特征。最后一个学生的回答非常值得称赞,因为他在做选择的时候还考虑了自己的父母,使得课堂教学显得非常温馨。
在回答问题时,有的学生只设计了春天一个季节,原因是四季如春的城市最舒适;有的学生将冬季时间延续较长,原因是他们喜欢堆雪人、滑雪橇、溜冰等活动。
三、开放性问题的评价
1.区分性评价
开放性问题的评价通常不是简单地以“yes”或者“no”作为答案,而要给出多元的答案。在评价过程中,教师应处于主导地位,给予学生启示、引导、概括,使问题得到深入或简化。以《牛津英语》(上海版)5B“Favourite toys”一课为例。该课文主要讲述了两个小女孩找到钥匙将一只旧箱子打开并得到玩具的故事。我要求学生根据课文内容,对下列设想展开想象:如果她们没有找到钥匙,将会发生些什么事情?以下是课堂实录片段(片段五):
T:Look! Here is an old box.Guess,what's in it?
S1 :Maybe there' s a fairy.
S2:Maybe there' s a lot of money.
S3:Maybe there' s nothing in it.
T:Wow,you have great imagination.Why do you think there are such things in the box?
S1:Because a fairy has magic power,she can help the poor.
T:Oh,you are very good - hearted.
S2:Because there is always money or treasure in a very old box.
T:You must have read many adventure books.
S3:Because this answer is cool.Nothing is in it!
T:Well,your answer is so special.You can be a novelist.
在这个片段中,教师分别对三个学生进行了不同的评价,每种评价都具有唯一性和针对性,这样使师生之间的互动更加有效,学生也会对这样的评价感到满意。
2.动态性评价
讨论式评价主要存在于生生互动的环节,开放性问题的提出往往会带来主题式讨论。在平等的英语基础背景下,学生间的交流会更自然、更流畅,当然教师在课堂中担任主持人的角色,要掌控整个讨论局面,维持课堂秩序。还是以刚才那节课为例,我设计了另一个话题,让学生自由讨论。以下是课堂实录片段(片段六):
T:If Kitty and Alice don' t find the key,how can they open the box7
S1:There must be a mantra.
S2:No,I don' t agree with you.They will call superman.
S3:I think they will send this box to the pohce station.
S4:1 agree with SI ,a mantra can open the box.
T:We can vote for the best answer then we write a story about it,ok?
这个实录片段中,学生说服对方同意自己的观点,并对他人的意见予以评价,这样的互动非常重要,有利于学生思维的开拓。在评价过程中,教师扮演中间人的角色,协调双方之间甚至多方之间的不同意见,并给出最好的答案。
随着上海二期课改的不断深入,教师对教材的研究将更加透彻,开放性问题越来越得到教师们的重视。与传统问题相比,开放性问题更能拓宽学生思路,提高学生综合英语素质,激发学生的表达欲望,培养学生口语交际能力。教师要从教材和学生实际出发,从易到难,层层深入,设计适当的开放性问题,遵循学生评价的基本原则,激励学生给出最佳的答案。