40 Years of China U.S. Relations
History teaches how to keep the ties stable and progressive By Tao Wenzhao
The author is a senior researcher with the Institute of American Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
F our decades have passed since the normalization of Sino-U.S. relations. As two major countries with different cultural backgrounds, social systems and ideologies, differences and frictions do exist, but the growing common interests go far beyond the friction.With the world situation and the domestic scenario of both countries undergoing dramatic changes, Sino-U.S. relations have also experienced ups and downs, but in general, ties have kept advancing.
Throughout the 40 years, what can be assured is that cooperation and mutual benefits have been the theme as well as the essence of bilateral relations. And both countries have benefited from a healthy and stable Sino-U.S. relationship, which, at the same time, has also promoted peace,stability and prosperity in the world. The basically benign interaction between the two countries in the past 40 years has helped them garner rich experience in handling their relations.
Mutual understanding
To maintain sound bilateral ties, the two countries need a clear and correct understanding of the strategic motives and intentions of the other side. This was also the premise for Sino-U.S. relations returning to the right track in the 1970s. At that time, only after China realized that the United States’ Viet Nam war was not targeting China, it began sincerely to set about easing relations with its previous outsized foe. On the other hand, the U.S.recognized that China had no intention to expand its power in Asia and that the Communist Party of China would remain China’s powerful leadership core, a reality that could not be challenged by external forces. The two sides then decided to meet each other halfway. Forty years on, mutual understanding remains the foundation of their ties.
随着国有企业的发展,人力资源管理在企业中发挥越来越重要的作用。三门江林场的发展壮大依靠的是所有员工的力量,而绩效考核则是对于员工的工作进行有效评判的重要手段。通过绩效考核制度来对所有员工产生工作上的激励作用,调动员工的积极性,使他们爱岗敬业；强化干部的任用管理，公正客户的对人员任免做好考察，采用多种方式奖励优秀人才，为林场的发展提供更多的人才后备军，这样才能保障林场的可持续、稳定发展，才能够促进林场实现远大目标。
在水利工程的质量安全检测中，地质雷达属于无损检测，并具有快速检测、连续扫描等特点，有效地提高了检测效率和完整性。
At the same time, combating international terrorism and preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were major tasks of the United States.China, with concrete steps, stood together with the United States in the fight against global terrorism.
Bilateral ties have faced several crises over the past decades. Besides the midair collision incident, the attack on the Chinese Embassy during the NATO bombing of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in May 1999 was another instance. However, both crises were controlled successfully, limiting the negative impact to a relatively small scale and a short period of time.
The Taiwan question is the most sensitive one in Sino-U.S. relations. Three joint communiqués have established the guiding principles for both sides to handle the issue, but the United States has maintained a two-faced policy. While recognizing the one-China principle—that there is only one China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of it—it also maintains military relations with Taiwan, selling it arms, which has a cyclical impact on Sino-U.S. ties. However, if there is any attempt by a separatist force to split Taiwan from China, the United States would also warn the separatists. The United States has, to a certain extent, helped to curb the pro-“Taiwan independence” forces and worked together with the Chinese Government to safeguard the stability of the Taiwan Straits.
For China, promoting national development and safeguarding national unity are of vital importance. The United States indicated its stance against “Taiwan independence.” The two countries also developed sound economic ties after China joined the World Trade Organization in December 2001.
China follows the path of peaceful development, and the rejuvenation of the nation is intended to realize people’s aspiration for a better life. China does not intend to challenge the United States, or to replace its supremacy. U.S. President Donald Trump’s current China bashing policy stems from the mis perception of his administration toward China, and China will demonstrate its sincerity with concrete actions.
河北土地综合承载力与区域经济发展系统整体效应、协调度均逐步升高，协调发展度总体上升，但2012年后有所下降。2001—2008年土地综合承载力与区域经济发展处于中度失调向轻度失调过渡状态，2009—2014年处于勉强协调向中度协调发展阶段。这表明河北8个城市协调发展度存在着一定差异，石家庄、唐山协调发展度优于其他城市。因此，河北省要不断完善城市土地综合承载力评价体系，诊断各个城市在土地利用过程中存在的短板，对不同类型城市土地资源进行差异化管理，实现土地资源对区域经济发展的良好承载。
1.细化成本核算单元，推进单工号管理。要深化以单工号为基础的成本管控模式，将成本预算分解到单工号成本核算单元，突出责任成本预算刚性约束，对单工号主材费用、机加件和外购件费用、结构件加工费、运输费、安装费实行以预算为卡控红线，在预算范围内，做到量价齐控，切实推行对各分包单元费用实行包干、包死；要通过费用报销程序控制待摊可控费用，严控超预算支出，确保单工号目标利润的实现。
However, there are still “Taiwan independence” supporters in the United States,who could affect cross-Straits ties. If the U.S. chooses to stand in the way of the reunification of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan, there would be more serious consequences than trade friction.
Respecting each other’s core interests is extremely important for the sound and steady development of bilateral relations.In April 2001, a mid-air collision between a U.S. aircraft and a Chinese interceptor fighter jet near the Chinese island province of Hainan resulted in an international dispute. But once that was settled, China-U.S. relations remained stable for eight years during the administration of George W. Bush. It was the longest period where the two countries enjoyed such stable development in their relationship, the main reason being that both respected each other’s core interests.
China also plays an irreplaceable role in mediating the Korean Peninsula issue,cooperating with the U.S. side over its concern on nuclear proliferation. Common support and cooperation on these major issues involving core interests have ensured the stability of Sino-U.S. ties.
Crisis management
Respecting core interests
People visit the photo exhibition entitled Building a New Bridge: President Nixon’s Legacy in Three Chinese Cities in Yorba Linda, California, the United States, on January 23, 2018
Some important lessons can belearnt from these experiences. For instance,maintaining effective channels for communication helps prevent misunderstandings and misjudgments. It’s important to adhere to the principle of putting national interests rather than ideology first when dealing with bilateral relations. Negotiations should be conducted while making sure not to put each other into a corner. The current trade friction between the two countries, though a crisis in a sense, has been effectively managed so far. To address this and similar crises in the future, both sides must act in a prudent, practical and restrained manner.
The National Security Strategy and the National Defense Strategy released by the Trump administration and the current trade friction demonstrate a substantial shift in the U.S. policy on China, marking a new phase in Sino-U.S. relations. During this period, cooperation and disputes will coexist, as always. A new normal of longterm competition between the two powers marked by intermittent compromises will be a historic inevitability and challenge.
This period may last for a long time, possibly a decade or two, until a new model of Sino-U.S. interaction is formed. But it is unlikely that Sino-U.S. relations will be frozen or even break off. In the past four decades,the Chinese economy has become an integral part of the highly integrated world economy. Today’s global industrial and value chains have been formed by decades of development following the law of the market economy and are the fittest survivors of competition. As the world’s top two economies and trading nations, China and the United States are indispensable components of the global industrial and supply chains. It is impossible that their economic interdependence can be cut off by just an order from any administration.
对于赵五娘，人们谈的最多的就是她的孝。一些剧评家认为，赵五娘是“孝妇贞女”的典型，她恪守了封建道德并成了封建道德的典范。另一些剧评家认为，赵五娘有两重性：作为值得赞扬的勤劳、善良、宽厚的品质和自我牺牲精神。
Late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping regarded the normalization of Sino-U.S.relations as an important part of the overall reform and opening-up policy. History has also shown that the normalization of Sino-U.S. relations is good for both countries as well as the world. In the future, the two still need to work hard to seek common ground and resolve disputes through dialogue on the basis of equality and mutual respect. The development of bilateral ties relies on positive factors, be they official or civil, central or local, or any sector of the economy. A generally stable Sino-U.S.relationship is possible if all these positive factors are tapped.
Copyedited by Sudeshna Sarkar
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