同位语从句的句式特点分析，本文主要内容关键词为：从句论文,句式论文,同位论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
同位语从句是名词性从句的一种，近年来已成为高考的热点之一。与名词性从句中的主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句相比，同位语从句较为复杂，考生普遍对该从句的认识较为肤浅。下面笔者将结合近几年的高考试题，从以下几个方面简析同位语从句的句式特点。
一、同位语从句的含义
跟在名词或代词后面，对其内容作进一步解释或说明的从句为同位语从句。例如：
Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night?你能不能提供证据，证明他那天晚上不在家？
The rumor that there'll be an earthquake soon spreads all over the area.将要发生地震的谣言很快在那个地区传开了。
二、同位语从句前的先行词——词义抽象的名词
要辨别同位语从句，首先要识别出它解释或说明的名词，然后再根据同位语从句的结构特点和内容进一步确认。常见的接同位语从句的名词有：advice,answer,argument,belief,chance,command,conclusion,decision,doubt,discovery,evidence,excuse,explanation,fact,hope,idea,information,law,message,mystery,news,opinion,order,permission,possibility,problem,promise,proof,proposal,question,reason,reply,request,requirement,rule,rumor,story,suggestion,thought,truth,word（消息）等，这些名词的词义都比较抽象。
下面是考题举例：
(1)Danby left word with my secretary＿＿he
would call again in the afternoon.（2005浙江）
A.whoB.thatC.asD.which
(2)Along with the letter was his promise＿＿he would visit me this coming Christmas.（2004上海春季高考）
A.whichB.that
C.what D.whether
答案：(1)B (2)B
简析：word与promise均为抽象意义的名词，暗示其后的从句可能为同位语从句；根据that从句的内容及其与位于其前的名词的关系可进一步判定其为同位语从句。这两题中都出现了which这一干扰选项，但由于从句中并不缺少主语或宾语成分，故推断它不是定语从句。另外，同位语从句用that，而不用which引导。
接同位语从句的名词还有assumption（假设），certainty（肯定），guarantee（保证），likelihood（可能性），principle（原则），proposition（提议），recommendation（推荐；建议），remark（评论），statement（声明）等。
三、接同位语从句的连接词
同位语从句的连接词通常有以下三种：
1.连接词为that
that本身无意义，在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。例如：
(3)There is much chance＿＿Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.（2006天津）
A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if
(4)Some researchers believe that there is no doubt＿＿a cure for AIDS will be found.（2005广东）
A.whichB.that
C.what D.whether
答案：(3)A (4)B
简析：从以上两题可以看出，同位语从句意义完整；that引导同位语从句时在从句中不充当任何成分，且不可省略，这一点与连接词that在主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句中的用法相同（that引导宾语从句时可省略）。
2.连接词为whether
whether意为“是否”，在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。例如：
(5)We haven't settled the question of＿＿it is necessary for him to study abroad.(2006江苏）
A.ifB.where C.whether D.that
答案：(5)C
简析：该同位语从句由whether引导，whether含有“是否”的意义，句中的of引导同位关系时可以省略。whether引导的同位语从句常接在question,problem,argument,(have)no idea和doubt等词后。例如：
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.他们面临着是否应该继续工作的难题。
There is some doubt(as to)whether he will come tomorrow.他明天来不来还不好说。
3.连接词为“wh-”开头的连接代词或连接副词以及how
引导同位语从句时，连接副词when，where，why和how本身有一定意义，既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语，表示对时间、地点、原因或方式等的疑问。连接代词who和what本身也有一定意义，既起连接作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：(6)Do you have any idea＿＿is actually going on in the classroom?(2005辽宁）
A.that B.what C.as D.which
答案：(6)B
简析：显然，该同位语从句缺少主语，故选what。
再如：
Nobody can explain the mystery why dinosaurs suddenly died out.没有人能解开恐龙突然灭绝之谜。
There arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.这时就出现了这样一个问题：我们到哪儿去找需要的机器呢？
The question who should do the job requires consideration.谁应该做这个工作的问题还需要考虑。
当连接代词或连接副词引导同位语从句时，其前的of，about和asto等介词常常可以省略。例如：
We have no idea(of)what has happened to him.我们不知道他发生了什么事。
四、几种特殊形式的同位语从句
1.间隔同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。例如：
(7)A warm thought suddenly came to me＿＿I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.（2006安徽）
A.if B.when C.that D.which
(8)—It's thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember the story,believe it or not,
＿＿we got lost on a rainy night.(2006四川）
A.which
B.that
C.whatD.when
答案：(7)C (8)B
简析：第(7)题由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句。第(8)题的间隔同位语从句是由插入语believe it or not引起的。又如：
A story goes that the emperor was killed hy hisson.传说那位皇帝是被儿子杀死的。
An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.她突然想到可以用另一种方法做这个实验。
2.suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。例如：
We are all in favour of his suggestion that the plan (should)be discussed at the next meeting.我们都支持他的有关下次会议再讨论这个计划的提议。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。
简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。
3.短语及固定句式后的同位语从句
Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed,but they didn't mind.很显然，他们成功的可能性极小，但是他们不在乎。
She went to the meeting on the supposition that people would not assail her with questions.她参加了这次会议，认为人们不会向她提问题为难她。
I will come on condition that John is invited.如果约翰也被邀请的话，我就来。
简析：短语On condition,on supposition,on the ground(s),on the understanding,with the exception,in spite of the fact,on the assumption及句式There BE+no doubt(hope,chance,possibility,…)后的that从句为同位语从句。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
识别同位语从句与定语从句的方法主要有以下两点：
1.根据从句的句子结构来判定。若为定语从句，则that充当从句中的成分，即充当从句中缺少的主语、宾语或表语；若为同位语从句，则that仅仅是连接词，在同位语从句中不充当成分，即从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语。
2.根据从句的性质来判定。定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是对先行词加以修饰或限定，描述它的性质或特征；而同位语从句是名词性的，等同于位于其前的抽象名词，其功能是对该名词的内容进行解释或说明。例如：
The news that they got is not true.他们获得的消息不真实。（句中的“that they got”是定语从句，修饰“the news”。）
The news that they have won the game is not true.他们获胜的消息不实。（句中的“that they have won the game”是“the news”的具体内容，所以that引导的是同位语从句。）
以下分析主要是针对由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别而言的。
(9)Is this the reason＿＿at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?（2002上海春季高考）
A.(that)he explained
B.what he explained
C.how he explained
D.why he explained
(10)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class＿＿he had to meet his uncle at the airport.（2006重庆）
A.whyB.that
C.where
D.because
答案：(9)A (10)B
简析：第(9)题中从句的谓语动词explain为及物动词，其后缺少宾语，故判定为定语从句，that可省略。第(10)题中的从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，意义明确，且从句是对名词reason的内容的解释和说明，故为同位语从句。
总之，学习同位语从句时，只要抓住同位语从句前的名词和同位语从句的句式特点，就可以正确理解同位语从句的内涵，解答该类题目时就会游刃有余，得心应手。
附：高考链接
1.A story goes＿＿Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.（2004上海）
A.whenB.where
C.what D.that
2.There is anew problem involved in the popularity of private cars＿＿road conditions need＿＿.（2003上海）
A.that;to be improved
B.which;to be improved
C.where;improving
D.when;improving
3.There is a feeling in me＿＿we'll never know what a UFO is.（2002上海）
A.thatB.which C.of which D.what
4.Information has been put forward＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.（2001上海）
A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as
5.＿＿is possibility＿＿Bob can win the first prize in the match.（2001上海春季高考）
A.There;thatB.It;that
C.There;whether D.It;whether
6.Doris' success lies in the fact＿＿she is cooperative and eager to learn from others.（2006上海春季高考）
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.why
【Key】1-6 DAABAB