Nuclear and Space Heroes
By staff reporter DANG XIAOFEI
IN 1954, Chinese geologists discovered uranium deposits in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,providing China the foundation to independently develop the nuclear industry. In order to defend national security and world peace, the collective leadership of the first generation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee with Chairman Mao Zedong at its core decided to develop atomic and hydrogen bombs and the man-made satellite at the early days after the People's Republic of China was founded.
After an enlarged meeting of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee in January 1955, the construction of the nuclear industry was officially initiated.China integrated research forces from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, research institutes for national defense, industrial departments, institutions of higher learning, and local research institutes for technological breakthroughs. The process involved 26 departments and more than 900 factories, research institutes, colleges, and universities in 20 provinces and provinciallevel regions.
Successful Launch of China's First Missile
Missiles are indispensable as a means of delivering nuclear bombs and launching satellites into the orbit. In 1956, the research institute for missile and atomic bomb technologies was established. At that time, Qian Xuesen, a professor based at the California Institute of Technology, decided to say goodbye to his career and life in the United States and return to China. A group of senior scientists motivated by him soon devoted themselves to the research institute.Qian first put forward the plan to develop China's missile technology. Later, he was commissioned to set up China's first rocket and missile research institute, and served as its first president.
解 如图9所示，将点P受到的5 cm/s的速度用平行四边形法则可分解为向左3 cm/s，向下4 cm/s，而Q有向上4 cm/s的速度.因为M为PQ的中点，所以考虑竖直方向，受到P，Q两个相反方向且相等速度量的影响，M并不会产生上下移动；考虑水平方向，点M有向左1.5 cm/s的速度，所以点M的轨迹为一条线段，起点终点分别为BC，BA的中点.所以点M运动路径为3 cm.
4.4 TOFD的价格与相控阵相比，较为便宜。在沙特拉比格项目部，两者的报价都是一样的，但其他第三方的相控阵报价比TOFD稍高。
Meanwhile, veterans, university graduates, workers and technicians volunteered to contribute to the cause and settled in the Gobi desert. After more than two years of hard work, they transformed the formerly empty desert into a place dotted with airfields, launch sites,power plants, and other buildings. The missile test site was built in the face of immense challenges.
At this point, following the successful development of the two bombs, development of man-made satellites was made a priority on the agenda. In order to ensure a success, the central government decided to establish the China Academy of Space Technology in the second half of 1967. Sun Jiadong, who had returned from studying in the former Soviet Union, was appointed to take charge of the overall design of the satellite. He selected a team of 18 scientists to undertake the task.
The Birth of Nuclear Bombs and Man-Made Satellites
还有在台湾民间信仰的符咒图像中，也经常可见以“金鸡”象征太阳者。如在今澎湖、台南等地的许多宫庙在进行“安龙谢土”醮典仪式时，也多会在庙宇的左、右两侧高处或梁柱下方分别贴一大圆中有金鸡和玉兔的“金鸡玉兔符”(图5)，应是用以象征日、月。[注]有时，金鸡玉兔符也会和“尺、镜子、剪刀”符画在一起，可知其亦具有镇庙及祈求合境平安的功能。至于这类图像是否受畬族文化的影响，则或有待日后更进一步追索。
With missiles developed, the focus of scientific research was shifted to nuclear bombs and man-made satellites.
Nuclear bombs are the name of induced atomic and hydrogen chain reactions when they become weaponized. Before a nuclear detonation test, a set of complex theoretical data must be solved. Deng Jiaxian, who was responsible for the theoretical design of China's first atomic bomb, had received a doctorate in physics at Purdue University in the United States.He returned to China after graduation, carrying out large-scale calculations with a dozen colleagues from scratch. Day in and day out, they worked with pinwheel and electric calculators, abacuses and pens on a skeleton design of atomic bombs. In times when food was scarce, the only nutrition supplements they could afford were sugar water. Even so, they managed to achieve their scientific goals. Apart from a skeleton design, decisive progress had also been made in the mechanics of explosion, neutron transport equations,nuclear reaction, and neutron physics.
All these achievements provide technological support for the establishment of China's strategic missile force and enhance the military's defense and combat capabilities under high-tech conditions. They also drive the development of China's high-tech industries and promote the economic construction and scientific and technological progress.
The first launch of the Long March 1 (or CZ-1) rocket suffered a setback in late 1969, but later was successfully launched again on January 30, 1970. Six ground satellite tracking and control stations were also built.On April 24, 1970, China's first man-made satellite was finally launched successfully, marking the beginning of the Chinese people's exploration of the mysteries of the universe for peaceful development and the benefit of humankind.
Qian Xuesen (December 11, 1911- October 31,2009), a Chinese aerospace engineer whose great contributions led to China's first successful atomic bomb test and hydrogen bomb test.
Sun Jiadong(born on April 8, 1929),a Chinese aerospace engineer who is an expert in carrier rocket and satellite technology.
Deng Jiaxian(June 25, 1924- July 29, 1986),is regarded as the “Father of China's Nuclear Program.”
2) 2216E液体培养基组分：蛋白胨，5 g；磷酸高铁，0.1 g；酵母膏，1 g；去离子水，1 000 mL；pH值7.4～7.8，在121 °C下高压灭菌20 min。
On September 10, 1960, China successfully launched a Soviet-made missile with indigenously developed liquid fuel. On November 5 that year, the first missile made by China soared across the sky.
In September 1965, Deng's team finally formed a set of basically complete physical design schemes. Soon afterwards, a preliminary test was successful. On June 17, 1967, China successfully tested its first hydrogen bomb, becoming the fourth country after the United States, the former Soviet Union, and U.K. to master the principle and manufacturing technology of hydrogen bombs. From atomic to hydrogen bombs, it took China only two years and eight months to complet them - the quickest in the world then.
After the successful test of atomic bombs, the development of hydrogen bombs became the main area of focus, which was also undertaken by Deng and his talented team. They worked day and night with little sleep.The development of hydrogen bombs was far more complicated than that of the atomic ones, but everyone continued to work so tirelessly.
Development of the National Defense and Space Industry
At 3:00 p.m. on October 16, 1964, China successfully detonated its first atomic bomb, becoming the fifth country in the world to independently master the technology of nuclear weapons after the United States, the former Soviet Union, the United Kingdom (U.K.), and France. On the same day, the Chinese government issued a statement saying that China's nuclear test was for defensive purposes and that China would never be the first to use nuclear weapons at any time or under any circumstances.
而陆游基本上属于主观型或情绪化的诗人，创作时的心境或情绪决定他作品的情调，因此他的喜怒哀乐等各种情绪，都直白且外露地表现在他所有的作品里。他的梁益地域文化书写也不例外。陆游在梁益地区生活时创作的诗歌主调是哀怨忧愤，主要是因为他这一时期的情绪一直比较消沉悲观。
Since then, China's defense industry has grown stronger and stronger. China has mastered the design of neutron bombs and the technology of miniaturization of nuclear weapons, developed and launched various types of strategic and tactical missiles and launch vehicles. It also successfully launched submarines, multiple recoverable satellites, and geostationary and sunsynchronous satellites.
In 2016, CZ-7 and CZ-5, the next-generation launch vehicles, made their first successful flight one by one,upgrading the carrier rockets China owned. Over the last five years, the manned space transportation system comprising of the Shenzhou spacecraft and the Long March II F carrier rocket was applied for the first time,and the trial operation of the space station cargo transportation system composed of the CZ-7 launch vehicle and the Tianzhou Cargo Spaceship was also carried out.
China's manned space engineering has been able to realize its intended objectives as well.
On October 17, 2016, China launched the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to better grasp space rendezvous and docking technology, and to carry out experiments in earth observation,space earth system science, space technology, space medicine, and other fields. The Chang'e-4 lunar probe touched down at the pre-selected landing zone in the Von Karman Crater in the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the far side of the moon on January 3, 2019. On May 17, China successfully launched 45 Beidou navigation satellites on a Long March 3C carrier rocket from the