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非限定动词是中学英语学习中的一个重点和难点,也是初中英语教学中的重点内容之一。现在我们对初中英语教材中的非限定动词作一个盘点,供教师和学生们学习时参考。
一、非限定动词的概念
英语中把动词不定式、动名词和现在分词称为非限定动词,它在句子中可以充当除谓语动词以外的所有成分,故也称非谓语助词。看下面两道例句:
(1)My job is________the animals,too.
A.feed
B.feeding
C.to feedD.feeds
(2)________it to school library and you’ll get a nice present from the librarian.
A.Return
B.Returns
C.ReturningD.To return
在做上述两题时,不能光从动词上入手:(1)句还必须注意主语,推断出is是本句的谓语,故选用适当的feed动词形式做宾语.选C比较合适。而(2)句要仔细观察,它是祈使句,又有并列词and,选A。
二、关于动词不定式
1.动词不定式的否定:否定词not,never等须加在不定式之前,如:
Tell him not to shut the computer.告诉他不要关电脑。
2.不定式符号to的省略
(1)Why和why not之后动词不定式不带to,如:
Why not meet a little earlier?为什么不早点见面?
(2)介词but,except前有do,does,did,done时,其后面的不定式不带to.如:
Mr Going-to-do could do nothing but tell his neighbour what he is going to do tomorrow.将来先生除了告诉他的邻居他明天要做的事,其实什么也不做。
(3)不定式在had better,would rather等短语之后不带to.如:
You’d better call the hotel by the number on the brochure.你最好按小册子上的号码打电话给旅馆。
(4)不定式作have,make,let,feel,see,watch,notice,hear等动词的动词宾语补足语时,省略不定式符号to.如:
A pet makes you laugh and you love her very much.宠物使你开心而你非常喜欢她。
It was very popular and let many people see what life was like under the sea.这(机器)非常受人欢迎,让人们看到了海底生活的情景。
注意:在变成被动语态时,这些动词后的不定式符号不能省。试比较:
John was made to work for twelve hours a day by the boss.
The boss made John work for twelve hours a day.老板强迫约翰每天工作十二小时。
3.常见不定式的几种用法
(1)不定式可通过介词for引出其逻辑主语。结构为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。如:
Was it difficult for you to work on the Great Green Wall?你们从事(建造)绿色长城的工作难吗?
在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It’s kind of you to do that for me.你真是太好了为我做这事。
It’s clever of him to escape from the bad men.他很机灵,从坏人手里逃了出来。
(2)不定式可用在wh-词(如:whether,what,which,where,when,how等)之后,与其构成复合式,作宾语、主语、表语和同位语。如:
He didn’t know what to do with the lost book.他问我怎样处理丢失的书。
Lin Tao asked him when to go to the Christmas play,林涛问他何时去看圣诞话剧。
(3)不定式不能作hope的宾语补足语。如不能说:I hope you to be succeessful.但可以说:I hope to be successful.或I hope that you will be successful.
三、关于动名词的几种用法
1.介词(除but,except等外)后面要用动名词。尤其要注意介词to:make a contribution to(贡献给,捐赠),pay attention to(注意),be used to(习惯于),look forward to(希望),prefer…to…(比…更喜欢…),如:
If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment,the world will become much more beautiful.如果人人能为保护环境作出贡献,世界就会变得更加美丽。
2.有些动词要用动名词作宾语。如:mind,enjoy,finish,practise,excuse,miss,keep,prevent等,动名词前可用名词或代词作其逻辑主语。如:Do you mind my smoking here?你介意我在这儿吸烟吗?
The conductor kept coming to offer them hot water and selling magazines.列车员不断地来为他们提供热水和出售杂志。
3.有些句型要求后跟动名词。如:It’s no fun(a waste of time,a great of pleasure…)等名词+doing sth.have problem/trouble,/difficulty(in)+doing sth,feel like+doing sth,cannot help doing sth忍不住(做什么),be busy+doing sth(忙着做…),spend…(in)doing sth等。如:
But they have some problems getting there.但是他们要到达那儿有一些困难。
First I was so busy reading a novel.起先我是如此忙于看小说。
4.在need,be worth,deserve等之后用动名词,表示被动含义。如:
My shoes need mending,(=My shoes need to be mended)我的鞋子需要修理了。
四、分词的几种用法
1.现在分词通常表示主动或进行的意义,过去分词通常表示被动或完成的意义。如:
We live in a place called Gum Tree.我们住在一个名叫桉树村的地方。
My friend said that there was s truck collecting rubbish outside.我朋友说外面有一辆卡车在收集垃圾。
In America you can buy a used car for as little as 300 dollars.在美国只要用300美元就可买到一辆二手车。
2.英语中有些分词已经形容词化了。而现在分词表示的是人或事的自身特点;或对外界所产生的某种感情。过去分词表示的是人或事因受到外界的刺激而流露出的某种感情。如:
It was an amazing finish to an exciting match.对一场令人兴奋的比赛来讲,这是个令人惊奇的结束。
After the first half hour,the boys seemed to become too confident and relaxed.第一个半场后,男孩们似乎变得太自信和放松。
这类分词形容词主要有:interesting使人感兴趣的,interested感到有趣的;exciting令人激动的,excited感到激动的;disappointing令人失望的,disappointed感到失望的;encouraging令人鼓舞的,encouraged感到鼓舞的;pleasing令人愉快的,pleased感到愉快的;puzzling令人迷惑的,puzzled感到迷惑的;surprising令人惊奇的,surprised感到惊奇的;worrying令人担心的,worried感到担心的。
五、几组非限定动词的用法辨析
1.see,hear,watch,feel等表示感觉的动词后既可接现在分词做宾语补足语,也可接省略to的动词不定式做宾语补足语,但在意思上有所不同;不定式往往强调整个动作,即动作的全过程;现在分词侧重于一个正在进行的动作,是一个“片段”,而不是全过程。请看:
There we saw some people flying kites.The kites were in different shapes.那儿我们看到一些人在放风筝。风筝各具形状。(人们早在放风筝,我们刚好看到)
I saw an old man cross the road slowly a moment ago.刚才我看到一个老人慢慢地过了马路。(我看见老人过马路的全过程)
I saw an old man crossing the road slowly.我看到有个老人在慢慢地过马路。(老人在过马路,我正好看到)
2.有些动词后既可接现在分词的形式,也可接不定式形式:
(1)stop doing sth.停止做某事(指停止正在进行的动作)
stop to do sth.停下来去做某事(指去做另外一件事)如:
The students stopped talking when they saw their teacher came in.学生们看见老师进来停止了谈话。(不再谈话)
The students stopped to read the text when they saw their teacher came in.学生们看见老师进来就停下来读课文。(停止谈话读课文)
(2)begin,like,hate,love,start等动词后接不定式和动名词意思无明显的区别。
She likes reading/to read books on many different subiects.她喜欢看许多不同科目的书。
Grandma likes to borrow/borrowing books from the library and reads outside in the schoolyard.奶奶喜欢从图书馆里借书,然后在外面的校园里看。
但有时也有区别。如:
He hates answering the phone,and often lets it ring.他讨厌接电话,常常让它响着。
He hates to answer the telephone,because he is doing his homework.他不愿接电话,因为他在做作业。
上面两句表示:①他一向不喜欢接电话。②他(现在)不愿接这个电话。可以看出:动名词用作某些动词的动名词指经常发生的动作,而不定式指某次行为或动作。
(3)在动词remember,forget后接动名词时,表示该动名词所表达的动作先发生。
forget+doing sth.忘记已做过的事或发生的事。
forget+to do sth.忘记要做的事(还未做)
I forgot telling her about it.我忘了曾把这件事告诉她。
I forgot to tell her about it.我忘记告诉她这件事了。
(4)go on to do继而(去做另外一件事)
go on doing继续(原先没有做完的事)
Go on to do the other exercises when you finish this one.做完这个作业后继续做其它的练习。
He put down the telephone and went on telling us the story.他放下电话继续给我们讲故事。
(5)used to do过去常常做某事(意思是现在不做了)
be/become/get used to doing习惯于做某事
She used to be a history teacher.她以前是个历史教师。
She is used to getting up early in the morning.她习惯于早上早起。
3.另外,非限定性的选用要注意前后的一致性。如:prefer something to something;prefer doing to doing。
看这个句子:I prefer walking to riding a bike in winter.在冬天,与骑自行车相比,我更喜欢步行。