DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS OVER 70 YEARS
The PRC’s history of dialogue, cooperation and multilateralism By Jon Taylor
The author is chair of the Department of Political Science and Geography and professor of political science at the University of Texas at San Antonio
This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), a period in which the world has changed rapidly. China has played a signifi cant role in that change through international relations and global governance. It has moved from standing up to opening up to growing rich and strong.
满足读者需求，其实质是要求图书馆建立与读者之间的联系，随时了解读者的需求变化。比如，定期的读者反馈、与读者的交流活动，根据读者需求设计有针对性的阅读推广方案，必要时可以提供个性化的推广策略。完善读者需求调查及反馈系统有助于图书馆及时了解读者需求，推动品牌发展。
China’s relations with the rest of the world have seen historic changes over the past 70 years on its road to becoming the world’s second largest economy. Its prosperity, enhanced national strength and restoration to preeminence on the world stage have given the nation the ability to defend both its sovereignty and fundamental interests. Nowhere is this more apparent than in its diplomatic efforts. Since 1949, the goals of the PRC’s foreign policy have been consistent: safeguarding the country’s development environment while supporting both global peace and development efforts.
Basis of foreign policy
In reviewing China’s diplomacy, it is important to understand the role that it has played in the modern international relations system. Much like any other great power, it is crucial to comprehend that China’s history, national interests, international responsibilities and current role in global affairs all color the nation’s foreign policy and have a significant impact on an ever-evolving international system of governance.
During the past 70 years, China has moved from international isolation to become one of the world’s major powers. After the founding of the PRC, domestic weakness and external vulnerability came to an end. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the nation sought to regain the respect and dignity of being a great nation that was lost after a century of humiliation, one that saw external powers engage in hegemony in both China and East Asia. That experience of victimization at the hands of Western and Japanese powers was a critically infl uential and the formative basis for China’s foreign policy, which remains a cornerstone of contemporary China’s approach to foreign relations.
Under President Xi Jinping, China’s diplomacy has expanded on a global scale as the nation has restored its place as a major country. China has invested heavily in global infrastructure and governance, worked hard to further economic integration and invested in trade and infrastructure in emerging economies, which is aimed at assuring both stability and regional security.
To have a general understanding of 70 years of Chinese foreign policy, one only needs to review its objectives, guiding principles and strategies. China defi nes these as follows: domestic political stability, sovereign security, territorial integrity and national reunifi cation, and sustainable economic and social development. These objectives have been consistent over the past seven decades.
Its interests have become of increasing concern for those in the West who are more than happy to ratchet up differences of opinion into full-blown trade wars and calls for combating the so-called “China threat.” Nowhere is this more evident than with issues that the West believes are international in scope, but are central to China’s view of sovereignty. Western support for the independence of Taiwan or Tibet—particularly from the countries that were formerly invaders and colonizers of China—is perceived to be both rank hypocrisy and an encroachment on China’s inviolable core interests.
体育运动是需要人类付出极大体力的身体活动，在体育实践过程中，人类要承受机体疲劳所带来的身体不适，是个极其痛苦与磨练人类精神的过程：人类参加长跑运动时，身体在极度虚脱的情况下仍要坚持跑向终点，这是对意志品质的磨练；人类在参加集体运动项目时，与队友默契配合完成运动项目，这是对团结协作的培养；人类在参加竞技体育时，内心树立公平公正公开的竞赛理念，是对社会道德的灌输。在烦扰的社会环境中，各种无形的压力让“此在”处于各种“情绪”中难以自拔，体育锻炼是解救人类精神压力的一剂良药，在身体运动中发泄情绪，摆脱功利价值的烦扰。
The history of the PRC’s foreign relations and diplomacy can best be understood through two periods: before and after reform and opening up that began in 1978. For the first 30 years (1949-78), the focus of China’s foreign policy and diplomatic efforts was to oppose the threats posed by the two superpowers, the consolidation and enhancement of the nation’s independence, and the safeguarding of the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. Since 1978, China has gradually reoriented its foreign policy and diplomatic efforts by creating an external environment that has been conducive to both its domestic economic development and its return to prominence in international relations.
Since reform and opening up began, China’s role in foreign affairs has moved from one of relative isolation within East Asia to one of the world’s two largest economic powers with a global reach. Backed by both expanding economic and political power, this global reach has allowed China to extend its infl uence virtually everywhere and not only to demonstrate its diplomatic intentions as a peaceful and responsible power, but also to both advance and foster myriad development opportunities for a number of countries.
A new era
If the West is at all interested in understanding what drives China’s foreign relations and diplomatic efforts, it is essential to comprehend the impact that a century of hegemonic victimization from 1840-1949 had on the nation. It provides insight into what has driven much of China’s foreign policy for the past 70 years. Simply stated, to grasp why China is concerned with issues such as sovereignty, national reunifi cation and territorial integrity, look no further than the humiliations of the 19th and 20th centuries. The restoration of China as powerful and a globally preeminent nation has allowed it, much like other great powers, to assert its national interests.
没有了规章制度企业的管理将非常混乱，随着城镇的发展，目前建筑施工过程愈来愈复杂，企业需要制定合理的管理体制来规范员工工作。同时，根据自身的发展情况来建立相应的体制，保证管理体制的实用和有效。另外，奖惩和监管制度需要落实到位，及时进行有效管理和评价员工的施工行为。完善工程的质量管理，从而强化施工管理人员的质量意识。在实际施工中，实行施工问责制，将管理工作落实到位，使得相关人员能够清楚工程质量标准，认真执行国家的质量标准并进行施工。
Local visitors at the stand of China International Water and Electric Corp. at the 2019 China-Uganda Industrial Capacity Cooperation Exposition in Kampala, Uganda, on July 23
As China enters the new era, its diplomacy will likely undergo some changes in order to serve the new mission envisioned by Xi. China will act more decisively since its strength and economic size provide it with the ability to handle conditions using a variety of approaches to deal with evolving international issues and events. China’s 70-year commitment to peaceful development certainly warrants praise. Its strong investment in pursuing diplomatic and international development efforts as a logical winwin solution will be ever more important as the world grapples with issues ranging from international peace, security, development and economic growth to climate change.
选取部分（37台）具有代表性的柱塞泵，将改进前后的配件使用情况进行统计，改进前后同期对比，盘根、柱塞和铜压套的使用量明显减少。其中，盘根由原来的450卷变为150卷；柱塞由原来的193卷变为103卷；铜压套由原来的193卷变为103卷。年节约额合计为36 600元。目前，随着油田进入中后期开发阶段，高压柱塞泵的使用越来越广，所以该改进方案所带来的经济效益是很可观的。
During the past 70 years, the world order has changed greatly and China is now a significant player on the international stage. Under the leadership of the CPC, China’s framework governing its diplomatic strategy has been historically consistent. As China returns to global prominence, both the scale and context of China’s diplomatic activities have significantly increased, owing in large part to Xi’s emphasis on the nation’s contribution to addressing global political, economic and social concerns. Reviewing the 70-year history of PRC’s diplomacy and understanding where China was, where it is today and where it may likely go in the future are of great significance as the nation takes on the burden of even greater international responsibilities in an often uncertain and an ever-changing international system.
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
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