From BRICS to CyberBRICS:New Cybersecurity Cooperation
By LUCA BELLI
The 5th BRlCS Communications Ministers Meeting is held in Brasilia, Brazil,on August 14, 2019.
China is by far the country with the most systemic approach, having invested heavily in 5G technologies,so much so that it is now leading the global 5G race, as well as cybersecurity capabilities.
CONCLUDING a very productive ministerial meeting held in Brasilia in August 2019, the BRICS Ministers for Communications have released an important joint declaration highlighting the strategic interest of BRICS partnerships on new digital infrastructures, 5G technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) and cybersecurity.
Modern infrastructures, efficient cybersecurity governance, and particularly, sound data protection regulations, are crucial issues for the inclusive and sustainable development of BRICS countries, especially as they are massively betting on digitalization and the potential of interconnected and interdependent technologies, such as 5G and IoT.
Digital transformation is an essential element for the future of BRICS economies and societies,and this is precisely why BRICS member countries are elaborating on digitalization strategies and some are already implementing these strategies.China is by far the country with the most systemic approach, having invested heavily in 5G technologies,so much so that it is now leading the global 5G race,as well as cybersecurity capabilities. China recently adopted well-coordinated cybersecurity legislation, an e-commerce law and data protection standards.
Brazil, by contrast, has only recently started to implement its one-year-old Digital Transformation Strategy, and while the new General Data Protection Law will come into effect in 2020, the organ that will have to implement it still has to be created. The Brazilian government only established a National Plan for IoT in June 2019, but it still lacks a cybersecurity strategy, although the Presidency's Institutional Security Cabinet is working to develop one.
The fact that in the last five years, all members of the group have adopted or proposed regulatory frameworks for personal data protection, is a clear signal of the strategic importance of data control and security for both the governments and the people of BRICS countries.
Over the next five years, massive projected growth in Internet access is expected in the big countries that make up the BRICS area, especially China, India, and Brazil. In this context, an important clarification seems necessary to understand why BRICS countries are particularly keen on embracing the opportunities of digitalization. The 3.2 billion people living in the BRICS countries are not simply potential consumers or developers of digital services. They are the potential producers of what is currently deemed as the most valuable asset in the world: personal data.
Half of the BRICS population is already connected to the Internet, generating an incredible amount of data. These advancements are revolutionizing our online and offline lives and, while they are generating new multifaceted threats, are also presenting unprecedented opportunities.
Sitting on a Gold Mine
As cybersecurity experts say, there are only three types of Internet users in the world: those who have already been hacked, those who will be hacked, and those who are being hacked as we speak.
下肢深静脉栓塞(DVT)是指下肢深静脉特别是腓肠肌部位静脉血栓形成，全血液运行障碍，从而出现患肢肿胀疼痛等一系列症状和体征［1］。它是妇科盆腔手术后常见并发症之一。有研究报道，妇科盆腔术后DVT形成的发生率西方国家为11% ～29%［2］;国内报道为0.13% ～6.78%［3］。由于近年来临床妇科术后发生DVT明显增多，曾经由于血栓脱落引起肺栓塞致死亡事件发生，严重威胁患者的生命［4］。故引起临床医师高度重视，在手术前后采取了一系列预防措施及护理，能有效防止DVT的发生。
From this perspective, it becomes more intuitive why the Indian government advocates so tenaciously for sovereign control of data, why Russia has just adopted digital sovereignty legislation and why all BRICS countries are adopting or implementing personal data regulations.
The BRICS countries, where 42 percent of the world's population resides, are also the holders of 42 percent of the world's most valuable resource: the personal data of their citizens. Thus, the development of digital policies, particularly with regard to cybersecurity and data protection, becomes a highly strategic priority for economic and social development and for ensuring the safety of people, the data they produce,and the critical infrastructures they utilize daily.
BRICS face common challenges and many of the policies they are adopting, or are already in place, present several points of commonality.
In such a complex context, digital transformation may offer great benefits while at the same time create great risks. Billions of interconnected devices controlled via 5G networks have the potential to greatly enhance robotics, industrial automation,smart farming, and provide incredible efficiency gains due to vast data collection and processing capabilities. At the same time, the interconnection of every “thing” requires the highest level of security to avoid hackings, data leaks, and the transformation of the BRICS digital dreams into potential nightmares.
The enormous opportunities offered by technological improvements can be seized only in the presence of solid personal data regulation and cybersecurity frameworks.
A particularly important point to realize is that BRICS countries are the main targets of cyberattacks, as well as being the countries from which most cyber-attacks originate. For this situation to change, thorough strategies and well-informed policies need to be developed and implemented, creating a synergy among BRICS members.
大黑猫在李小树走后的那两天里性情变得异常暴燥，它要不是充满敌意地盯着我看，就是“呜呜”地叫着在墙脚吹胡子瞪眼地踱来踱去。它用爪子抓扯门窗，还趁我不注意的时候弄坏了好几幅还没来得急装裱的画。我狠狠教训了它一顿，它才开始变得安静规矩起来了。
It is particularly important to note that the multibillion population of BRICS countries is increasingly demanding higher standards of data protection to make sure that the abundance of personal data which digital technology has the ability to collect be used to improve people's lives.
The Need for Mutual Learning and Cooperation
In an environment where access to digital technologies is becoming essential for communicating,learning, doing business, and socializing, and all“things” are being connected in IoT systems, BRICS need not only efficient but also convergent digital policies.
The early findings of the research developed by the CyberBRICS project demonstrate that BRICS face common challenges and many of the policies they are adopting, or are already in place, present several points of commonality. In this sense, they should seize digital transformation to enhance their cooperation and develop common or, at least compatible,solutions.
The 2019 Consumer Electronics Show Asia kicks off in Shanghai on June 11.
Members of the bloc can learn a great deal from their own experiences and are in a phase which is particularly propitious to align their regulatory frameworks.According to the BRICS communications ministers,studying and understanding their collective digital polices is a complex task.They reaffirmed their commitment to enhance joint research cooperation and address the challenges of cybersecurity.
A cooperative stance and a comparative perspective are essential, not only to foster mutual understanding and the respect for each other's culture, but also to enable the development of interoperable technologies and regulations capable of fostering access to innovative services and products, while ensuring protection of users' rights.
式中：X为市辖区经济序列的各项指标值；Y为县域经济序列的各项指标值；i和j分别为不同序列的指标个数；ρ为分辨系数，一般取值为0.5；γij为关联度；ξij为关联系数；di和dj分别为市辖区经济序列的耦合度和县域经济序列的耦合度，C为最终得出的耦合度模型，是用来评判两大经济序列的协调程度。
BRICS members may have different sensitivities,but their priorities and goals are frequently very similar. In this light, the establishment of a solid, multistakeholder cooperation initiative, where BRICS governments can dialogue with academics, the private sector, and civil society representatives, receiving input and feedback as regards the various aspects of their cybersecurity policies, would be a profitable strategy for all.
All data were analyzed with statistical software(SPSS v13.0;SPSS Inc.,Statistics for Windows,Chicago,IL,USA).Data are the mean ± standard deviation(x¯± s)using an analysis of variance,followed by the least significant difference test.P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.
To begin with, the governments of BRICS members, which in recent years have consistently stressed the value of enhanced cooperation on research and technological development, could support the establishment of a BRICS think-tank cooperation mechanism on cybersecurity. As the pioneering experience of the CyberBRICS project demonstrates, analyzing existing digital policies is paramount to identifying good practices and proposing sustainable and fair solutions.
对照组的形象职业素养评分、护理综合评分分别为(5.6±0.4)分、(5.2±0.4)分,观察组则分别为(8.9±1.3)分、(8.8±0.9)分,观察组与对照组患者的形象职业素养评分以及护理综合评分对比,有统计学意义(t=25.910、38.569,P<0.05)。
Brazil's rotating presidency of BRICS is a unique opportunity to formulate a positive and proactive agenda, highlighting the benefits of improved cooperation on digital policies in general and on cybersecurity in particular.
通过分析图6可以得出以下结论：平纵横合成加速度值除了初始阶段(主要是由于UM软件对超高的自动修正，此段无实际意义可以忽略)，其余段均小于0.6 m/s2，采用文献[5]的横向力加速度标准来评价舒适性，发现道路设计成果的动态性能比较好。路段内，平纵横合成加速度出现拉升的位置基本上都是汽车加减速与匀速突变的位置。由于车辆运行时与x、y轴成一定的角度，因此，从图6中可以发现在直线路段上，x轴向加速度和y轴向的加速度要受到路拱坡度的影响，产生的加速度分别向各轴进行投影，在曲线段内，这种影响尤为明显。此外，将上述图中两个路段的平纵横合成加速度对时间求导，得到了合成加速度变化率图形，具体如图7所示。
LUCA BELLI is professor of Internet governance and regulation at FGV Law School in Rio de Janeiro, where he heads the CyberBRICS project.
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