The Role of Comparative Literature for Building a Community of Shared Future for Mankind 〔*〕
Li Yongmei
(School of Foreign Languages and Literature Shandong University,Jinan Shandong 250100)
Abstract: The human society is an interdependent community of shared future.Rooted in the foundation of “Great Harmony” ideology in Chinese traditional culture,the idea of “a community of shared future for mankind” is an important part of the socialism thoughts with Chinese characteristics in new era.The similarities and differences of cultures are the base of complementation and premise of innovative development rather than the source of conflicts.The core value of community of shared future is harmony,which with the goal of win-win can be achieved only by actively advocating cultural diversity,strengthening the effective and equal dialogue and understanding and complementing between different cultures or civilizations,and creating an inclusive,tolerant and reasonable peaceful environment.In this respect,the comparative literature research should inevitably play its irreplaceable role as a bridge to enable the communication,dialogue and understanding between eastern and western literature and cultures.The communication between cultures is homogeneous but the interaction between cultural soils as well as national cultures is heterogeneous.During the communication process of literature works,it’s necessary to further study the literature content under cultural differences.The community of shared future for mankind is not only a new idea for global governance but also a new kind of expression of the habitat guarding and building awareness;it is the real and physically objective existence and also the imaginary and emotional spirit pursuit.In the context that the comparative literature is trying to develop into the world literature,it’s the mission for mankind to make it possible the wide transmission,reading and studying of the diversified and unique literature works of different countries,which can manifest the common value connotation of human beings,and to spare no effort to remove obstacles from the path to the destination of a community of shared future for mankind.
Key words: comparative literature;a community of shared future for mankind;values
“In face of the complex situations of world economy and the global issues,it’s impossible for any country to be spared.The implementation of the idea of “a community of shared future for mankind” is helpful not only to conquer and solve the increasingly serious worldwide problems,but also to promote the mutual prosperity and advancement of the countries.”〔1〕At the annual conference of Boao Forum for Asia in 2015,President Xi Jinping stated the concept of Chinese “a community of shared future for mankind” in a systematic way,and pointed out that,“civilizations cannot be judged as good or bad but distinguished by features.It’s necessary to enable the communication between different civilizations as well as different development patterns,so that they can learn from each other in the process of competition and comparison and develop together in exchange and learning,and to make the communication and learning of civilizations the bridge to strengthen the bonds between people,the force to drive the progress of human society,and the tie to maintain world peace.”〔2〕In 2016,President Xi Jinping made the opening speech at the G20 Summit in Hangzhou and called on “residents on earth that we must have the awareness of a community of shared future for mankind.”〔3〕In the reports of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,he again highlighted that we should insist on the path of peaceful development and actively promote the establishment of a community of shared future for mankind.This idea perfectly shows the open mind and global vision.There is only one earth for human beings and one world for all the countries;we are facing a great deal of common tough challenges,therefore the human societies as an interdependent community should obtain common understanding.
Ⅰ.Clash of civilizations under the background of globalization
Globalization is profoundly changing the way of living,producing,and thinking of mankind.With the rapid development of global economy,establishment of united world market,and continuous update of information technologies such as Internet,the world has become a small “global village”,and the interactions between countries and nations have never been so frequent that they are open and inclusive to as well as dependent on each other in terms of politics,economy,trade,and culture,and therefore the growing connections lead to the birth of a community of shared future.In this situation,the world is regarded more and more as an organic whole and the global awareness is absolutely obvious.In the theory of “community of shared future”,freemen and the community are indivisible,and men can be called “freemen” only when they participate in mutual communications in the community to obtain feasible ways and methods of full development and to realize self values;in the community,everyone should observe the rules of the community and pursue common benefits to maintain integrity and harmony in this community.The “true community” gets rid of the “alienation” status of mankind and realizes the equality among people,mutualism between people and nature,and harmony between people and society.The “community of shared future for mankind”， as the development phase of the final goal to achieve “true community”,establishes a peaceful external environment for human beings to reach the realm of freedom from necessity.In this way,why would globalization result in cultural or civil conflicts? First of all,though the process of globalization is an inevitable historical trend and develops diversely in different historical periods,it is never spontaneously formed but driven by big powers in different historical stages.From this point of view,globalization is absolutely incapable of eliminating the national boundaries between strong and weak countries,and will lead to more vigorous nationalism instead of the genuine cosmopolitanism and internationalism.Therefore,the process of globalization is also the process to manifest national characters,during which each country considers self-interest as the primary principle of international relations.Secondly,in the age of globalization,people depend on each other but also compete fiercely for gaining profits,because the only way to stand out and acquire abundant capital is competition.In this process,the powerful Western nations dominate the weak nations.These countries with prosperous economy and powerful national strength always push around other countries by impacting them not only on politics and economy but also cultures.This kind of dominant culture and psychology will certainly cause conflicts between different values,political ideologies and nations and countries in the context of globalization.Basically,it is possible to realize economic globalization and integration but impossible to unify the diversified cultures.
In consequence,some Western scholars magnified the opposition and collision between western and non-western cultures and civilizations on purpose on the basis of “west-centered” theory.For example,the well-known deceased scholar Huntington from Harvard University extremely stressed the confrontations and conflicts between China and the West.He stated that “the relationship between countries and groups that belong to different civilizations is not only barely close but also often antagonistic...dangerous conflicts may happen as a result of the interaction of arrogance of the west,intolerance of Islamic states,and arbitrariness of China.”〔4〕He unilaterally enlarged the difference and accused civilizations or cultures of causing the bloody wars between countries or even the world wars.Even so,he had to believe that “in the future,there will be many different cultures and civilizations co-existing in this world,instead of a single universal world culture.”〔5〕Thus,he proposed to establish a kind of “community principle” in such diversified civilizations,that is,individuals from different civilizations should positively look for the common factors in value and behavioral pattern aspects of other civilizations that are different from theirs.〔6〕Meanwhile,he also restated that “calling people’s attention to the risk of clash of civilizations would contribute to motivate the ‘dialogue between civilizations’ in the world.”〔7〕Since the “community principle” and “dialogue between civilizations” are acknowledged,it means the cooperation and fusion between civilizations and cultures is an important subject that we have to attend.
A certain single civilization or culture cannot dominate the world and wipe out other civilizations or cultures through globalization.The American comparatist Mary Platt also thought that,“though the progress of fusion has been accelerated and the exchanges of people,information,currencies,goods and cultural products have been booming,which lead to the changes of consciousness”,more importantly,“the third world starts to participate in the dialogue with the first world,and the latter also understands that its ultimate constituents include the contact relations with the outside world”.〔8〕In this era of globalization,the need for bigger and diverse market space leaves the developed countries no choice but to cooperate with the developing countries in the third world for the purpose of survival and development.The situation of one or several big powers dominating the world has become a past tense,and those powerful nations are also required to calm down and swallow their pride to negotiate.Only by sticking to communication and seeking common ground can the countries coexist and develop in harmony.If someone refuses to give up hegemony and Cold War mentality,it will definitely jeopardize world peace and stability.
Then,what kind of role comparative literature,as a cross-cultural field of study,can play for the establishment of community of shared future for mankind in the age of globalization?
Ⅱ.Communication :the course of history of comparative literature
From the history of comparative literature as an academic discipline,we can see that it plays the role of bridge of seeking for contacts and communication and conversation since its birth.The comparative literature is a result of interaction effect of the romantic literary movement in European countries in the 19th century.It would never appear without the connections and interactions of literature between European countries.The French school of comparative literature came up with the influence study based on “factual relations”,which aimed to discuss the relation of influences between literature of two countries or nations by means of empirical approaches.
为延长鲜食玉米采收期，可根据当地气候条件采取育苗移栽、覆膜播种、分期播种等多种方式调节采收期。育苗移栽的在2叶1心时要及时带土移栽，不栽老苗，移栽后要及时浇足水，以提高成活率，缓苗后增施提苗肥。育苗移栽和覆膜播种方式要特别注意终霜的危害，分期播种方式要注意初霜的危害。分期播种可遵循前一期出苗播后一期的原则进行。
The leading scholar of the times Van Tiegham,who integrated the French comparative literature theories,insisted that the comparative literature is a branch of literature history mostly for its international characteristics.In the introduction of his monograph Comparative Literature, he pointed out that the study on comparative literature “can extend the results obtained from literature history of one country and link them together with the achievements gained by literature historians of other countries,and hence these complicate networks make up an independent field,which would never replace the literature histories of home countries but only supplement and connect them.At the same time,it makes a more universal network of literature history between and beyond them”.〔10〕From this,we can see that what Van Tiegham truly concerns is “to portray and present the network planning of influences between international literature and to achieve the ideal of world literature that all the literature are deeply interconnected in a real sense,on the basis of study on the relation of influences between literature of different countries.The comparative literature is distinguished from national literature history and will also not replace it,and aims to expand its scope and make up the extents and fields missed by it and organically connect different national literature histories to the influence level by ultimately opening a window in their originally independent world.〔11〕This fundamentally reveals the final goal of comparative literature study.
Notes :
In 1896,a French scholar Albert Bates Lord firstly proposed the assumption that comparative literature should discuss how different nations observe each other.This research direction is the field lately called imagology.Van Tiegham also held the opinion that “the comparative literators should observe what other people think of them but not what they actually are;they should start from the appearance that has been changed by legends.”〔12〕Until the beginning of the 1950s,Galler put forward that “the history composed of mutual understandings of different nations as well as travels and experiences”〔13〕can be included into the category of comparative literature research.His favorite student Kya even directly indicated that “the mission of comparative literature is to study the generation of statements about certain country and their development...in this respect,the comparative literature can help with certain kind of psychological analysis of nations of two countries - after learning about the sources of prejudices they both have,they will also understand themselves better and can forgive the preconceived ideas they both share.”〔14〕He deemed that the approach of influence study to imagology “is a kind of change of vision of France in the recent 50 years,and produced real renewal and opened a new research direction for the comparative literature”.〔15〕Therefore,the emergence of study on imagology is a kind of positive attempt and effort that aims to mediate the countries opposing each other from the cultural aspect.
Sharing is the dominant form of human civilizations and also the guiding idea of human societies and the primary mode of living.〔16〕Shared development is the ultimate value orientation of the idea of community of shared future for mankind,and living in a community means that the material and spiritual life of people are shared and mutually owned in some ways and that the members benefit each other in different ways and value each other in the sense of non-instrumental values.〔17〕While gaining positive results in the process of development,each country should support those relatively lagging behind and narrow down the development gap between nations,and never place personal gains above public interests,and give up the Cold War mentality， isolationism and protectionism.“The long-term advancement of the world will never be built on the basis of growing wealth of some countries while permanent poverty of the other.”〔18〕The development and progress of human history is the result of common effort and hard work of all countries,and therefore they deserve to share the development achievement and give their people the sense of gain.Shared development can create a chance for social members to share the achievement of social development,that is,to provide subsistent power for social members to survive,live and develop,based on the widespread concern about their demand for realistic interests.〔19〕The concept of shared development unfolds the global vision and determination to solve fairness and justice problem in the world of President Xi Jinping,and he made effective institutional arrangement to implement the shared development based on the idea of community of shared future for mankind.China is willing to make the cake bigger and share it with other countries and increase the supplies for public services to realize sharing among people,comprehensive sharing,co-construction and sharing,and progressive sharing,and “the destiny of the world is in the hands of all countries,and they should together write down the international rules,handle the global issues,and share the development achievements.”〔20〕
It should be noted that the influence study of French school emphasized on the “factual relations” among literature of different countries,instead of the differences and similarities between writers or their works that were not actually related;meanwhile,this kind of research perspective at that time was majorly limited to the internal Western European cultural system,while excluded the Eastern European Slavic literature and the eastern literature including Chinese literature.This would definitely narrow down the research field of comparative literature and hinder the communication and conversation between European literature and literature of other countries outside of Europe.Therefore,the rapidly rising American school criticized the influence study of French school only based on “factual relations” by the end of the 1950s.The American school,represented by René Wellek, Henry Remak, and Ulrich Weisstein,broke the parochial localism centering on Europe,and expanded the research field of comparative literature from the study on cross-border literary relationships that have factual relations to that on cross-border similarities and differences of literature and interdisciplinary research that have none factual relations,which greatly widened the research field of comparative literature.However,some American scholars disapprove of the comparative literature research crossing heterogeneous cultures in the early stage.For example,the renowned American comparatist Weisstein stated that “I do not deny that some studies are acceptable...but I am still hesitating to expand the parallel research on literary phenomena to the study on two kinds of civilizations.As far as I’m concerned,only within a single civilization category can the common factors that intentionally or unintentionally maintain traditions be found in ideologies,emotions and imaginations...It makes no sense to make an attempt to discover similar mode between poetry of the West and Middle East or the Far East.”〔21〕Of course,this point of view has no logical proofs and Weisstein also negated his parochial ideas afterwards.
〔21〕Ulrich Weisstein,Liu Xiangyu,translator, Comparative literature and literary theories, Shenyang:1985,p.124,Liaoning People’s Press,1987,pp.5-6.
3.2 建议 1）中国队的首发平均年龄24岁，球队的可塑性、发展潜力巨大，中国女篮如果能够继续保持科学系统化的训练，进一步提高自身竞技水平，延长运动年限，未来将会在世界大赛取得更加优异的成绩。
President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we are bound to have our own way of development that is suitable for our country,because we have unique cultures and traditions,unique historical destiny,and unique fundamental realities.”〔22〕The General Secretary Xi Jinping took in nutrition from the Great Harmony ideology and insisted on the principle of “harmony in diversity” in international communications on the basis of international vision to provide unique “Chinese wisdom” for the realization of public interests of people around the world.Essentially,the comparative literature discipline that has continuously updated and developed for more than 100 years not only discusses the influence relations between literature and cultures of different countries,but also highlights the differences and communications between literature and cultures of different countries,so as to further set up global literature that understand and complement each other and co-exist in harmony.From the international perspective,the research of comparative literature focuses on the process of expanding the influence relations inside one single kind of culture to the parallel relationship without any influence and then comparative study crossing heterogeneous cultures,and the process of expanding the imagology study to the cultural study,all of which are based on the emphasis on the communication and conversation between the eastern and western literature and culture.
思想政治课程是大学教育体系的重要组成部分，高校在实践中，应该充分发挥思想政治教育的优势，坚持教学主阵地，为学生积极渗透社会主义核心价值观，以提高思想价值塑造效果。在打造优质思想政治课程的过程中，高校一方面还应该注重课程内容的完善，结合社会主义建设实践，丰富理论体系，提高理论指导意义；另一方面还应该创新教学方法，不仅要渗透社会主义核心价值体系，还应该与时俱进，将理论内容与现代社会发展实际相结合，从大学生的个性发展需求出发，设计更易于接受的教学模式。
Ⅲ.Comparative literature —bridge of cross -cultural communication
Early in 1993,the then Chairman of America Comparative Literature Association Bernheimer published a report The Comparative Literature at the Turn of the Century, which described the status quo and development of comparative literature discipline.The most striking part in this report was that he offered two suggestions valuable for the general direction of comparative literature study in the new century.Firstly,in the comparative literature study,the Eurocentrism should be abandoned and its research field should be expanded to cover both the east and the west,and the comparison between the western cultures and traditions (including celebrities and the public) and non-western cultures and traditions should be enhanced,〔23〕and in the meantime,it’s necessary for comparative literature to “actively participate in the comparative study on the formation of classics and the rethink of classics” to motivate people to further develop the classics”.〔24〕Secondly,the comparative literature study should also focus on the cultural context producing literature and stick to multiculturalism.The report by Bernheimer widely evoked sympathy not only in America but also in the international comparative literature circles.Fundamentally speaking,it overturned the existing unequal structure of the east and west and the power relation between the west and other countries,which means the comparative literature studies in the 21st century reached an agreement on the key targets.In fact,many scholars have been engaging in the work on breaking down the Eurocentrism and highlighting the literary diversity in the American comparative literature field.Just as David Damrosch,the then Chairman of America Comparative Literature Association in the beginning of the new century and the head of Comparative Literature Department,Harvard University,said,the discipline of comparative literature “is experiencing an important paradigm shift.The globalization of economy,media and safety are deeply influencing the academic life and work in many aspects,and the most dramatic one can be seen in the field of comparative literature”,because “most of the previous comparative studies focused on the classics by several ‘masters’ and the up-to-date comparative studies can include any kind of literature works published at place and time”.〔25〕Therefore,“in the past 10 years,the vision of world literature has been greatly expanded,and its focus has no longer been limited to the classics by great masters in Europe as it used to be and has been transferred to the literature works of other countries,which is the most prominent change in the comparative literature research field of the modern times”.〔26〕In his book What is World Literature? Damrosch provided new explanations for the “classical” question of world literature,and considered that the world literature should be “the elliptic refraction between national literature” and it “is not a set of classic texts but a kind of reading model and a kind of form to enter into other world different from the space we are in with a type of transcendent attitude”.〔27〕He underlined that the world literature is diversified and free from set patterns and the types of world literature depend on the kinds of national perspectives.Because all of the literature works are produced within the scope of national literature,even though they “are transmitted in world literature,the marks of their national origins are still engraved on them and will diffuse with time,which will make the transmission of works farther and farther away from their origins and the refraction generated on it more and more intense”,〔28〕and the world literature with such diversity is exactly the object of focus of comparative literature.This kind of idea not only expanded the indigenous field of the previous world literature but also explored new space of comparative literature research,and decomposed the world literature and even the traditional concept of celebrity minority dominating the literature world in Europe.Damrosch also indicated that the effort made by the present comparatists was for the purpose of driving the structural transition of comparative literature study to global perspective from Eurocentrism.The viewpoint of “death of a discipline”— comparative literature-that made a hit,proposed by Spivak,a distinguished international scholar and director of Comparative Literature and Society Center,Columbia University,did not indicate that it’s unnecessary for comparative literature to exist,but on the contrary,he was highlighting that the old pattern of comparative literature study centering on Europe and America couldn’t work any more,because that kind of dominant remarks and perspectives were incompatible with multiculturalism.〔29〕What he was looking forward to was also a kind of new comparative literature research from Eurocentrism to global vision.For this purpose,he said that “the expansion of comparative literature to global or interstellar level at present stands for the regeneration of ideas that have been existing in the initial stage of establishment of comparative literature discipline,rather than the death of this discipline.”〔30〕In 2010,the paper Four Lectures on Aesthetics by American Chinese ideologist and esthetician Li Zehou was included in the authoritative book Norton Theories and Criticism Selections (Edition 2) for the first time.Though the Four Lectures on Aesthetics is not the most classical master piece,its selection marks the beginning of the “classical” process,and can be regarded as a kind gesture of the western mainstream academic circle breaking the barriers of two kinds of centralism in the west and as a beginning of the English academic theories circle paying attention to and accepting the Chinese contemporary academic theories.“It also indicates that the international academic and cultural theory circles that have been dominated by European and American theorists for a long time start to realize the defects of the western centralism,and they need to hear the voices of theorists from countries outside of the western world.These voices may be still mingled with the influences from the west,but carry experiences and indigenous features and cultural spirit mostly from non-western countries”.〔31〕
In the age of globalization,the Chinese comparative literature study still has a long way to go.In the Speech at Philosophy and Social Science Working Symposium,the General Secretary Xi Jinping specially emphasized that,we must “make effort to construct the philosophy and social science with Chinese characteristics” and “pay attention to strengthen the establishment of discourse system”,and essentially change the “situation that reasons cannot be explained clearly and even though explained,it’s hard to spread out” that we used to go through in the world.Therefore,“this project has to be started from discipline construction and the systematic discipline theories and concepts should be established for each discipline”.The Chinese comparative literature discipline and its research should work on this aspect and play the role of an active guide.
柴油发电机组烟气经排烟管道排出后温度可达200～300℃，利用柴油机烟气余热干燥垃圾的关键在于确定垃圾干燥的适宜温度，它应满足以下几个要求：低于垃圾燃点320～460℃［17］，避免干燥过程中垃圾自燃；不能使垃圾热解产生复杂毒害气体；尾气温度不能低于烟气露点温度120～130℃［18］，防止腐蚀设备。
〔25〕Damrosch D.Preface, comparative literature in the 21st century, David Damrosch,Chen Shuiguo,and Yin Xing,editor-in-chief,New direction:comparative literature and world literature reading,Beijing:Peking University Press,2010,p.3.
In this aspect,the two famous scholars Cao Shunqing and Zhang Jiang established examples of actively launching conversations with international academic circles for us.In 2013,the big publishing house Springer published the English work Comparative Literature Variation by Cao Shunqing in Heidelberg,London and New York at the same time.〔34〕This book systematically expounded in detail the core connotation and features of comparative literature variation theories by Chinese scholars,to the extent of “translingual variation”,“transcultural variation”,and “cross-civilization variation” for the first time,based on its questioning about whether the empirical influence study by comparative literature French school could effectively solve the variation problem in the study on imagology and cross-civilization context,and whether the convergent thinking pattern of parallel study by American school could effectively answer the heterogeneity question in cross-civilization context research,which is an important breakthrough and innovative product in the theoretical construction of comparative literature discipline in the world.This book was widely concerned by the international academic circles immediately after its publication.For example,in the monograph An Introduction to Comparative Literature: New Trend and Application, several prominent scholars,including the academician of European Academy of Science Domingues and the academician of American Academy of Science Su Yuanxi,stated that the authors “have made significant contributions to a kind of necessary research direction of comparative literature”;〔35〕in the Letter to Readers, Damrosch expressed that “a wonderful prospective was provided for the emphasis on variation,and on the one hand,it went beyond the Huntington-type simple cultural conflict model,on the other hand,it also transcended the common homogeneous tendency.D.W.Fokkema also highlighted in the preface of this book that,it “is a beneficial attempt for Chinese scholars to overcome the language barriers and get rid of the limitation of cultural closure”,because it “aims to communicate with foreign scholars”,and “is also a kind of response to the current French school that excessively focuses on influence study and to the shortcomings of American school that is affected by the new criticism and just concerns about aesthetics.Our Chinese peers has correctly realized the shortages of the previous comparative literature study and have full rights to amend and complete it”.〔36〕On March 2018,at the annual meeting of European Academy of Science and Art and the Academicians Award Ceremony held in Saarburg,Austria,Cao Shunqing was elected as an academician of European Academy of Science and Art for his outstanding achievement and global influence in the field of comparative literature study.The conversations in letters between Zhang Jiang and the famous American theorist Hills Miller were published on Comparative Literature Study, Issue 2 and 3,Volume 52,2016 organized by International Comparative Literature Association and American Comparative Literature Society.〔37〕This was the first time that this journal has continuously published the communications between a Chinese theorist and western theorist,which revealed that the Chinese scholars have been unsatisfied with being negatively “found” by the west and international academic circles and just practising the existing literary criticism theories from the west and they want to propose the theoretical structure established by Chinese critics by means of questioning and communicating”.〔38〕In addition,the interdisciplinary literary ethics criticism put forward by Nie Zhenzhao has been highly valued and praised by the international academic circles in recent years;in 2016,the Chinese scholar Zhang Longxi was firstly elected as the chairman of International Comparative Literature Society,and at the same time,China gained the right to hold the 22nd annual meeting of International Comparative Literature Society in 2019.These facts prove that the Chinese comparative literature is playing a more and more important role in the international comparative literature field.
Secondly,we should reinforce the communication and conversation between the oriental cultures and literature,which on the one hand is the study on relationship between Chinese literature and literature of other eastern countries and on the other hand the study on relationship between literature of other eastern countries rather than China.When focusing on the facts of interaction effect between literature of other eastern countries,we should not ignore the parallel relation between them without interaction effect.Also,“the interaction between the oriental literature as a whole and the western literature should be paid attention to.In the process of internal interaction,the oriental literature is still colliding and fusing with the western literature.Especially,the contemporary and modern oriental literature has been profoundly impacted by the western literature,which has fitted in the grand tide of world literature development.In this kind of holistic study,it’s acceptable to discuss the influence source,general aesthetic characteristics and the existence of heterogeneity of the eastern and western literature from a macroscopic perspective,or to select works by writers from related cultural circles within the eastern literature for study with works by writers from western countries”.〔39〕
Thirdly,in order to realize the reading model of world literature with diversity,we must destroy the stereotypical idea of majority and minority languages,pay attention to train and bring up a multitude of professional talents of minority languages translation,so as to the diversified national literature of countries other than Europe and America can be widely translated and transmitted.This is a key premise and foundation for the expansion of the scope of classical literature.For a long time,due to the influence of “Eurocentrism”,we have received classical education concept about world literature that the classics are limited to the parochial range of major countries in Europe and America and the oriental literature are centered in several major countries in the east such as India and Japan,which is always fragmented and hardly called a system.This will be clear at a glance just by looking through the category of textbooks of history of foreign literature that we compiled.In this sense,the world literature as the object of comparative literature study refers to the literariness of the world literature community and the relation between the literariness,instead of the meaning in text level”.〔40〕Therefore,if the translation of and study on the diversified world literature is valued less,it will be impossible to expand the research field of comparative literature and will also weaken the value and meaning of itself.With the purpose of realizing the community of shared future for mankind,people around the world should work together to strengthen the construction of regional economy community,lay a solid foundation for the economy community between countries,establish sound,open economic structure,and push the globalization forward to the direction of inclusion,general welfare,equality and win-win.
近年来，生猪受多种病原菌影响，在一些地方呈多种类型病混合发生，猪瘟、口蹄疫等疫病多点零星出现，导致生猪销售不畅，价格波动，对生猪产业发展影响较大。猪病防治综合措施落实的好坏，直接关系到养猪业的经济效益和猪肉产品的安全供应。因此，养猪饲养场户必须高度重视猪病的防治工作，认真贯彻落实预防为主，防重于治的方针，采取综合措施，最大限度地减少疾病发生，确保生猪产业健康发展。
In a word,in the process of marching toward the community of shared future for mankind,though the cultures of different countries will face conflicts and challenges of this or that,the confrontation can be reduced or avoided,as long as we positively react and effectively communicate and seek for similarities and resolve differences with an equal and tolerant attitude.Only in this way can the peaceful environment that we live in harmony be maintained and continue.The comparative literature study is one of the effective ways to strive to implement the principle of dialogue between countries on the basis of equality and to spread positive energy.The Chinese comparative literature should contribute even more to the realization of ideal of community of shared future for mankind.
12月7日1版《经济学者产业链》，其“只要是到了某个级别的学者讲座的入场券，有的高达数万元”，用“只要到了某个级别，学者讲座的入场券……”为宜。
〔1〕Xi Jinping,Join Hands to Develop a New Cooperative and Win-win Partnership and Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind, People’s Daily, Sept.29,2015(2).
根据式(2)，将vR-f频散曲线近似转换成vR-H曲线，即可了解不同深度介质的面波相速度，从而解决各类工程地质问题，这就是面波勘探的基本原理。
〔2〕Xi Jinping,March toward the Community of Shared Future and Create a New Future for Asia.http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-03/28/c_1114794507.htm.Mar.28,2015.
〔3〕“Community of shared future for mankind”,the key word of Xi Jinping’s diplomacy in 2016.http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-01/06c_129434584.htm.Jan.6,2017.
〔18〕Xi Jinping,Go with the stream of time and facilitate the peaceful development of world-speech in Moscow Institute of International Relations, People’s Daily, Mar.24,2013(1).
Now that the study focuses on the relation of influences between literatures of different countries,it must have cross-cultural field of vision.In the 19th century,the European literature researchers have been trying to step beyond the boundaries of national literature and study the literature of each country in Europe and their development as a whole.As the Japanese scholar Yukio Otsuka said,“because of the international characteristics of Romanticism rising from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century,it became a kind of usual practice to not ignore its relationship with foreign literature even when studying the literature of one country,which enabled the emergence of emerging subject,comparative literature.〔9〕
〔4〕Huntington S.Zhou Qi,Liu Fei,Zhang Liping,etc.,translators, Collision of civilizations and reconstruction of the world order, Beijing:Xinhua Publishing House,1999,p.199.
阴暗的天色，以及云层深处传来的雷电声，给久旱未雨的河南带来多少的希望啊！然而，雷声过后，“不知去作何方雨”使得充满期盼的中州父老乡亲转瞬间失望至极。诗人对百姓饱受旱灾之苦却求雨不得的遭际满怀恻隐之心，以至于面对皎皎明月也丝毫不觉其清幽可人——“顿觉清光未可人”，因为他心中“却思良谷正怀新”。
〔5〕Huntington S.Zhou Qi,Liu Fei,Zhang Liping,etc.,translators. Collision of civilizations and reconstruction of the world order-preface of the Chinese version, Beijing:Xinhua Publishing House,1999,p.2.
〔6〕Huntington S.Zhou Qi,Liu Fei,Zhang Liping,etc.,translators, Collision of civilizations and reconstruction of the world order, Beijing:Xinhua Publishing House,1999,p.370.
〔7〕Huntington S.Zhou Qi,Liu Fei,Zhang Liping,etc.,translators, Collision of civilizations and reconstruction of the world order-preface of the Chinese version, Beijing:Xinhua Publishing House,1999,p.3.
〔8〕Pratt M.Comparative literature and citizens of the world.Charles Enheimer,editor.Wang Baihua and Zha Mingjianetc.,translators, Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism, Beijing:Peking University Press,2015,p.64.
微生物产生的壳聚糖酶具有多种生物学活性，壳聚糖降解微生物广泛分布于自然界中，微生物通过分泌壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖以达到需求。壳聚糖酶常常和几丁质酶、几丁质脱乙酰酶和氨基葡萄糖酶等酶的共同使用，来降解回收甲壳类动物的贝壳。壳聚糖是接合真菌细胞壁中主要的结构成分，壳聚糖酶在其细胞壁降解和形态中起着重要作用。
〔9〕Yukio Otsuka,Chen Qiufeng,Yang Guohua,translators, The Principle of Comparative Literature, Xi’an:Shaanxi People’s Publishing House,1985,p.12.
〔10〕Tiegham V.Dai Wangshu,translator, Comparative Literature, Beijing:Commercial Press,1937,p.13.
〔11〕Li Weiming,Comparative literature:academic basis for its being a branch of literature history, Literary Review, issue 5,2010.
高校班主任工作内容繁杂琐碎，并且需要做到个体性与群体性并重、专业性与思想性相结合，既要具有良好的政治理论素养，又要能够把思想政治教育与专业学习有机结合起来，以专业化的方式帮助学生，才能更容易为学生所接受，也才能取得良好的效果。根据实践发现，由专业教师担任班主任指导大学生解决就业问题有明显的优势。因为班主任跟学生接触最多，对学生相对较为了解，而专业教师能够在专业知识和能力提升方面给到学生切切实实的意见和建议，因而能够最大程度的根据学生性格、能力等为其未来职业规划作出较为科学的指导与建议。
〔12〕Tiegham V.Dai Wangshu,translator, Comparative literature, Shanghai:Commercial Press,1937,p.73.
〔13〕Galler.Preface of first edition (comparative literature), Comparative Literature Study Materials, selected by Comparative Literature Study Group,Chinese Department,Beijing Normal University.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,1986,p.43.
〔14〕Kya.Yanbao,translator,Comparative Literature, Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,1983,p.16.
〔15〕Kya.Yanbao,translator,Comparative Literature, Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,1983,pp.106-107.
〔16〕Pan Qian,Investigation of System and Ethic of the Idea of Sharing, Study On Ethics, 2018(4).
〔17〕Zhu Hengpeng,Xu Jingting,Construction of shared development,recognition of community and social security institution, Economics of Finance and Trade, 2016(10).
随着产业升级和结构调整进程速度的加快，产业兴衰的风险对银行信贷风险管理的影响越来越大。早在2009年9月，国务院批转发改委等部门关于《关于抑制部分行业产能过剩和重复建设引导产业健康发展的若干意见》中，就对钢铁、水泥、煤化工、造船、大豆压榨等产能矛盾突出的行业进行了风险公示。之后，各银行积极调整信贷结构，压缩甚至退出对过剩产业的信贷投放。当前产业结构调整的速度越来越快，银行更应该主动地对产业周期、产业兴衰进行分析评价，顺应产业升级和经济转型，积极布局新兴、高端产业的信贷投放。
〔19〕Jiao Yang,The value foundation of shared development,Harbin University Journal,2018(1).
〔20〕Xi Jinping,Work together to construct the community of shared future for mankind, People’s Daily, (1),Jan.20,2017.
After the 1980s,with the renaissance of comparative literature discipline in China mainland,the Chinese comparatists valued more the comparative study on the eastern and western literature,and stressed on “cross-cultural research” and focused on “heterogeneity” and “complementarity”.The reason is that both of the French school and American school belong to one general culture background,namely,the European and American cultural circle produced by the Ancient Greek-Hebrew Culture Tree.The western scholars have never experienced such great differences between Chinese culture and the western culture and such strong awareness of cultural crisis generated by such differences as the Chinese scholars have,and therefore they have barely discussed the literature comparison between heterogeneous cultures in a serious and profound way.The Chinese scholars were inevitably confronted with the cross-culture problems,and would certainly take responsibilities for and complete the mission of cultural communication and conversation as well as complementation and fusion between the heterogeneous cultures of the east and the west,from the standpoint of indigenous culture.
〔22〕Xi Jinping,Speech at the national propaganda ideological work conference [EB/OL](Aug.22,2013)(Oct.28,2018)http:/ /www.wenming.cn / xj _ pd / ssrd /201308 / t20130820 _1422721.shtml.
〔23〕Bernheimer.C,Comparative literature at the turn of the century, Charles Bernheimer,editor.Wang Baihua and Zha Mingjian,translators.Comparative literature in the age of multiculture,Beijing:Peking University Press,2015,p.46.
〔24〕Bernheimer C.editor,Wang Baihua and Zha Mingjian,translators, Comparative literature in the age of multiculture, Beijing:Peking University Press,2015,p.49.
五是供水安全，包括结构供水安全和城乡供水安全。结构供水安全包括生产、生活和生态供水安全。高耗水产业的不合理配置，会导致水资源的超载和供水的不稳定，生态供水的忽视，会导致生态环境的破坏。城乡供水安全，即城市供水安全和乡村供水安全，城市供水安全是推进城镇化的支撑要素，乡村供水安全不仅影响农村人口饮水安全，而且关系城市水源安全。
First of all,we need to continue to reinforce our communication and conversation with international comparative literature and theories circles.For example,in recent years,we have been increasing our communications with the American comparative literature circles by different means and methods and have obtained their positive responses and resonance.Just as Damrosch expressed in the preface of the book with him being the editor-in-chief, New Direction: Comparative Literature and World Literature Readings, “the special purpose of this reading is to enable the communications between China and America in the field of comparative literature that has been very popular in recent years...The Chinese and American scholars can learn from each other in many aspects...The editor hopes that this book will promote the academic dialogues between cultures and expects readers can find masses of paths to discover in their researches between the lines”.〔33〕Damrosch specifically proposed the appeal to strengthen exchanges and communications between Chinese and American scholars and honestly conveyed the wish that they can learn from each other to a great extent.In order to give a chance for the Chinese academic society to timely learn the latest results obtained by the American scholars,we translated and published works,such as New Direction: Comparative Literature and World Literature Readings, Comparative Literature in the Age of Globalization, Comparative Literature in the Era of Multiculture, andDeath of a Discipline. At the same time,we started to intently and actively send our voice and opinions out so that the mainstream academic circles in the west can better understand the trends and views of our research on comparative literature and theories.
〔26〕Damrosch D., Comparative literature in post-classical era and super-classical era, Su Yuanxi,editor,and Ren Yiming and Chen Chen,translator,Comparative literature in the era of globalization,Beijing:Peking University Press,2015,p.54.
〔27〕Damrosch D.,Zha Mingjian,translator, What is world literature? Beijing:Peking University Press,2014,p.309.
〔28〕Damrosch D.,Zha Mingjian,translator, What is world literature? Beijing:Peking University Press,2014,p.311.
〔29〕Spivak G.,Zhang Xu,translator, The death of a discipline, Beijing:Peking University Press,2014.
〔30〕Damrosch D., The rebirth of a discipline:the global origins of comparative literature, David Damrosch,Chen Yongguo and Yinxing,editor-in-chief,New direction:comparative literature and world literature reading,Beijing:Peking University Press,2010,p.41.
〔31〕Wang Ning,Another study on the international strategies and paths of Chinese literature theory criticism, Tsinghua University Journal (Philosophy and social science page), issue 2,2016.
〔32〕Xi Jinping,Speech at philosophy and social science working symposium.http;//www.xinhuanet.com/?politics/2016-05/18/<111889128.Mar.17,2016.
〔33〕Damrosch D.,Chen Yongguo and Yinxing,editor-in-chief, New Direction:Comparative Literature and World Literature Reading, Beijing:Peking University Press,2010,pp.9-10.
〔34〕Cao S Q., The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature, SpringVerlag Berlin Heidelberg,2013.
〔35〕Dominguez C.Saussy H,Villanueva? D. Introducing Camparative Literature:New Trends and Applications, London:Routledge,2015.
〔36〕Cao S Q., The Variation Theory of Comparative Literature, Springer -verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2013,Foreword.
〔37〕Translation of letters refer to Zhang Jiang:to Hills Miller:definite text and definite theme,Hills Miller:deconstructive reading and rhetorical reading to Zhang Jiang, Literature and Art Studies, issue 7,2015,Zhang Jiang:critical approach with universal meaning to Hills Miller,Hills Miller:the second letter to Zhang Jiang from Hills Miller, Literary Review, issue 4,2015.
〔38〕Wang Ning,Another Study on the International Strategies and Paths of Chinese Literature Theory Criticism, Tsinghua University Journal, issue 2,2016.
〔39〕Li Wei,Thoughts on comparative study on the oriental literature, Henan University Journal, (Social Science),issue 6,2015.
〔40〕Zha Mingjian,World literature in comparative literature perspective:questions and enlightenment, Chinese Comparative Literature, issue 4,2013.
俄语堂是公众号俄语邦所做的微信小程序，属于综合类，包括打卡，学习生词、考试真题、语法资料和东方俄语教材学习课程。从整体来看，打卡有助于用户持之以恒、坚持学习，无论是对哪方面内容的学习都起到一个很好的监督作用。该微信程序关于考试的内容包括两方面：真题和随机检测。真题为2001-2018年俄语专业四级全部选择题，即用户在答题后，该程序会在题目下方提供句意，却没有解析；而随机检测则是随机在真题抽出题目让用户进行解答，避免用户对顺序答题形成记忆。且该程序提供好友排行以及打卡记录，这些功能都有助于用户更好的了解自己的学习进程。
About the author： Li Yongmei, associate professor of School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong University.
〔*〕The paper was funded by 2012 Shandong University Independent Innovation (Humanity and Social Science Special Program) Project “Study of British Immigrant Writer Caryl Philips” (IFW12018).
DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1698.2019.10.019
标签：comparative论文; literature论文; A论文; COMMUNITY论文; of论文; shared论文; Future论文; for论文; mankind论文; values论文; School of Foreign Languages and Literature Shandong University论文;