从语篇层次上综合运用语言——谈2005年高考英语山东卷“完形填空”，本文主要内容关键词为：山东论文,英语论文,层次论文,语言论文,完形填空论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
完形填空的制题意图，就是要考生根据给定的语境，综合运用所学的语言和词汇知识，把短文中的空缺补充完整。（一般地说，完形填空是介于“单项选择”和“阅读理解”之间的一种题型。它既不能象单项选择填空那样注重从语法和词汇本身的规则和意义选答案，也不能象阅读理解那样，强调从文章的主题出发，用判断推理定选项。）完形填空考查从语篇层次所设定的语言环境中综合运用语言和词汇的能力。完形填空中的词汇意义，并不一定是词典中所标出的典型结构所表达的意义，其含义随语境变化会有所不同。
2005年高考山东卷“完形填空”，明显地体现了上述考查要求，考生单纯读懂考查点所在的句子，很难选准答案，大部分考查点都要逾越句子的层次去选择符合情节的选项。2005年是山东第一年单独高考命题，英语卷的“完形填空”设计周密，挖词留空的间隔均匀，四个选项一般长短适宜，没有彼此之间相互包容的情况，所设干扰项都有相当的干扰作用，甚至四个选项都可以与空前或空后的文字形成某种搭配，如果不在语境中灵活运用，单从语法角度，很难排除干扰选准答案。
山东卷“完形填空”还有一个明显的特点，即以考查实词为主。该题共20个小题，就有15个题考查实词的用法。实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词等，这些词又统称为信息词，选准这些信息问，除了考生要具备坚实的词汇知识，准确掌握短文大意是重要条件。（这种以考查实词为主的制题方式，明显地体现了“完形填空”从语篇层次上考查综合运用语言和词汇的能力的题型要求。）
2005年高考山东卷“完形填空”与全国卷“完形填空”相比，不足之处是山东卷选文较难，文中偏僻字较多，如“flourish”，“principle”，“sway”，“biologist”，“pursue”，“fulfill”，“publication”，“revise”等。这类词的大量存在，一定程度影响了考生对短文的理解，使本来在英语卷各题型中较难的“完形填空”题，变得更加无从下手。一般地说，“完形填空”所选短文应该较“阅读理解”所选短文容易一点，才能更好地完成该题型所担负的考查任务。
下面是2005年山东卷“完形填空”及答案简析（附：2005年全国卷“完形填空”及答案简析，供对比学习）。
2005年高考山东卷“完形填空”答案及简析
My sister and I grew up in a little village in England.Our father was a struggling 36 ,but I always knew he was 37 .He never criticized us,but used 38 to bring out our best.He'd say,"If you pour water on flowers,they flourish.If you don't give them water,they die."I 39 as a child I said something 40 about somebody,and my father said," 41 time you say something unpleasant about somebody else,it's a reflection of you."He explained that if I looked for the best 42 people,I would get the best 43 .From then on I've always tried to 44 the principle in my life and later in running my company.
Dad's also always been very 45 .At 15,Istarted a magazine.It was 46 a great deal of my time,and the headmaster of my school gave me a 47 :stay in school or leave to work on my magazine.
I decided to leave,and dad tried to sway me from my decision,48 any good father would.When he realized I had made up my mind,he said,"Richard,when I was 23 ,my dad 49 me to go into law,and I've 50 regretted it.I wanted to be a biologist,51 I didn't pursue my 52 .You know what you want.Go fulfill it."
As 53 turned out,my little publication went on to become Student,a national 54 for young people in the U.K.My wife and I have two children,and I'd like to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad 55 me.
36.A.biologist B.manager
C.lawyerD.gardener
37.A.strict
B.honest
C.special
D.learned
38.A.praise
B.courage
C.power D.warmth
39.A.think
B.imagine
C.remember
D.guess
40.A.unnecessaryB.unkind
C.unimportant D.unusual
41.A.Another
B.Some
C.Any D.Other
42.A.on B.in
C.at
D.about
43.A.in case
B.by turns
C.by chance
D.in return
44.A.revise
B.set
C.reviewD.follow
45.A.understanding
B.experienced
C.serious
D.demanding
46.A.taking up B.making up
C.picking up
D.keeping up
47.A.suggestion B.decision
C.notice
D.choice
48.A.andB.as
C.even if
D.as if
49.A.helped
B.allowed
C.persuaded
D.suggested
50.A.always
B.never
C.seldomD.almost
51.A.rather
B.but
C.for D.therefore
52.A.promise
B.task
C.beliefD.dream
53.A.this
B.he
C.it
D.that
54.A.newspaper B.magazine
C.program
D.project
55.A.controlled B.comforted
C.reminded
D.raised
答案及简析：
36C，父亲是生物学家还是律师，读完全文后才会知道，单从这里推敲选项是无用的。
37C，这里四个选项都可以用来描绘父亲：严格的、诚实的、特殊的、博学的。答题方法与36题一样。读完全文后才知道，作者主要叙述了父亲对子女的教育方式与众不同。
38A，上句说父亲“never criticized”，接下来的描写自然是“praise”。
39C，回忆往事。
40B,unkind在这里意思是“刻薄的”，作后置定语。
41C,42B,43D,44D，作者一直遵循父亲教导的一条做人原则：发现别人的优点，反过来自己也会得到这些优点。
45A，下面讲的一件事，足以说明父亲对子女所作出的选择的“宽容、谅解”(understanding)。
46A,take up是一个常用词组，释义若干。按语境，这里取“占据（时间、精力）”之义。
47D,A项是强干扰项。校长说：或者留校（继续学习），或者退学（办杂志），让自己选择去、留，故选D。
48B,as引导方式状语从句。
49C,50A,51B，文中影响这三个题确定答案的关键信息是“go into law”（投入法律学习）、“regretted”（后悔、遗憾）、“I wanted to be…”（我想成为……）、“didn't pursue”（不能追求）。注意到这些细节，49题一定是“persuade me to…”（成功地劝说我……）；51题的转折也在情理之中；50题要选一个频度副词，除always，其它三个在程度上均与上述情节不符。
52D,53C,“it”指作者的选择（停学办杂志）。
54B，作者办的这份杂志，（文中用斜体标出杂志的名字“Student”）后来成为一份国家级杂志，证明作者的选择是成功的。
55D,raise，意为“养育、教育”，与主句中的bring up意思一致。
附：2005年高考全国卷“完形填空”答案及简析
One afternoon I was sitting at my favorite table in a restaurant,waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive.Suddenly I 36 that a man sitting at a table near the window kept glancing in my direction,37 he knew me.The man had a newspaper 38 in front of him,which he was 39 to read,but I could 40 that he was keeping an eye on me.When the waiter brought my 41 the man was clearly puzzled（困惑）by the 42 way in which the waiter and I 43 each Other.He seemed even more puzzled as 44 went on and it became 45 that all the waiters in the restaurant knew me.Finally he got up and went into the 46 .When he came out,he paid the bill and 47 without another glance in my direction.
I called the owner of the restaurant and asked what the man had 48 ."Well,"he said,"that man was a detective（侦探）.He 49 you here because he thought you were the man he 50 .""What?"I said,showing my 51 .The owner continned,"He came into the kitchen and showed me a photo of the wanted man.I 52 say he looked very mach like you!Of course,Since we know you,we told him that he had made a 53 .""Well,it's really 54 I came to a restaurant Where I am known,"I said." 55 ,I might have been in trouble."
36.A.knew
B.understood
C.noticed
D.recognized
37.A.since
B.even if
C.thoughD.as if
38.A.flat
B.open
C.cut
D.fixed
39.A.hoping
B.thinking
C.pretending
D.continuing
40.A.seeB.find
C.guess D.learn
41.A.menu
B.bill
C.paper D.food
42.A.direct
B.familiar
C.strange
D.funny
43.A.chatted with
B.looked at
C.laughed at
D.talked about
44.A.the waiter B.time
C.I D.the dinner
45.A.true
B.hopeful
C.clear D.possible
46.A.restaurant B.washroom
C.Office D.kitchen
47.A.left
B.acted
C.sat down
D.calmed down
48.A.wanted
B.tried
C.ordered
D.wished
49.A.met B.caught
C.followed D.discovered
50.A.sas to beat
B.was dealing with
C.was to meet
D.was looking for
51.A.care
B.surprise
C.worry D.regret
52.A.must
B.can
C.need D.may
53.A.discovery B.mistake
C.decision
D.fortune
54.A.a pity B.natural
C.a chance
D.lucky
55.A.Thus
B.However
C.Otherwise
D.Therefore
答案及简析：
36C，四个选项都是动词，除答案项（notice，注意到）表示观察，其他三项均表示心理活动，不符合语言环境，故排除。
37D，四个选项都是连接词，除答案项（as if，好象）表示猜测，其他三项表意都较肯定，不符合语言环境，故排除。
38B，四个选项都能在这里作宾语补语。因要表示状态，用形容词较好。flat，平坦的，指物体本身的情况；open，开着的，表示人对物体的安排情况，故选B。
39C，掘下文。
40A，与36题招应。
41D，与全文首句招应。
42B,43A，作者与服务员之间“闲聊”(chat with each other)时用的那种“熟悉的、亲近的”(familiar)的方式，使这个侦探感到迷惑不解。
44B,45C,46D，据下文，排除C。
47A，怀疑排除了，没有必要再呆在这里。
48A,49C，“尾随嫌疑人到这里”，符合侦探的专业行为。
50D，这个定语从句所表达的意思是：（由于案情需要而）正在找的人。
51B，自己竟然被当成嫌疑人而受到跟踪，当然要“吃惊”了。
52A,53B,54D，语含幽默，自我解嘲。
55C，四个选项都有承上启下的语篇连接作用，但只有otherwise（要不然，否则）表示假设，才符合语境。