英语倒装句的强制性与必要性，本文主要内容关键词为：倒装论文,英语论文,必要性论文,强制性论文，此文献不代表本站观点，内容供学术参考，文章仅供参考阅读下载。
在英语中倒装的现象很常见。语法学家多从句子形式上将其划分为全部倒装（即谓语放在主语之前）与部分倒装（即谓语中的一部分，通常是助动词、情态动词或系动词放在主语之前，而其余部分置于主语之后）（李永生，1986；张道真，2003）。还有学者从文体结构上将其分成语法倒装与修辞倒装（雷馨，1981）。
倒装的原因可以归纳为两条：强制性与必要性。语法强制性倒装表示按语法原则，主谓结构的全部或部分必须倒装，只有这样才能正确、规范地表达一定的意义；必要性倒装是根据表达需要灵活改变句子的主语、谓语、宾语、状语、补语等成分的位置，以达到强调、描绘、平衡或衔接等目的，从而提升表达质量。一般说来，英语中的倒装句可以归纳为以下五种类型：
一、语法倒装
按照英语语法规则必须要倒装的句子类型有：
1.There BE句型。例如：
There is a dictionary on the desk.
There must be something wrong with the engine.
There have been many such uprisings in our history.
2.由so，neither，nor引导的句子（尤其是省略句）。例如：
-I prefer Chinese food.
-So do I(Me too).
If you don' t go,neither shall I.
-I haven't seen that Hollywood movie.
-Nor have I(Me neither).
3.以were，should，had，could开头的虚拟条件句。例如：
Were it not ( Weren't it) for their assistance,we wouldn' t be able to finish the work so well.
Should that be true,it would be silly to argue any longer.
Had you not helped me,I wouldn' t have succeeded.
Could he spare some time away from his work,he would extend a helping hand to us.
4.各种疑问句。例如：
Are you satisfied with the result?
How has the bridge been built?
Do you want to go or to stay?
It is a fine day,isn' t it?
5.感叹句。例如：
What a nice view it is!
How nice the view is!
6.以“Long live…”或“May…”等开头的表示祝愿的祈使句。例如：
Long live world peace!
May he succeed!
7.“The+比较级+…，the more+比较级+…”结构。例如：
The harder you study,the more progress you'll make.
The rarer it is,the more valuable it is.
8.位于直接引语之后或插在其间的主句主谓结构。例如：
"Please be quiet," said Sherlock Holmes.
"But you forget,mama," said Elizabeth,"that we shall meet him at the assemblies,and that Mrs.Long has promised to introduce him."
如果主句中的主语是代词，或谓语后有宾语等其他成分，则主谓部分不能倒装。例如：
"I know my parents care about me," he says.
"Did you see what happened here?" Kim Lee asked the barman,whose name was Mike Brown.
9.以what,whatever,which,whichever,no matter how等充当从句某一成分（如宾语、表语、状语、定语等）。例如：
He will never forget what he has heard.
Whatever the difficulties may be,they have decided to build a reservoir.
He could not decide which dictionary he should take.
10.有时并不是主谓结构倒装，而是不定冠词与形容词倒装。例如：
I' ve never seen so fine a sight.
That is too good a thing.
That' s how exciting an experience to climb Mount Everest!
二、强调倒装
为了增强语言的表达力度或突出某个句子成分，可以采用以下倒装形式：
1.there与表示存在、发生、出现、状态或往来等意义的不及物动词结合使用，以加强语气。这类动词有live,exist,happen,take place,occur,rise,arise,break,emerge,spring up,die,lie,remain,stand,belong,seem,appear,arrive,come,follow,run,fly,sail,go,flash等。例如：
Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island.
There rose in the village a streak of smoke.
There sailed a bold mariner over the sea…-" Then came unfavorable winds.
2.there与及物动词连用，通常表示动作或行为的意外性，可以用于主动或被动结构中。
(1)主动结构。例如：
While he was thus thinking,there suddenly entered his room the figure of a woman robbed in green and grey.
There struck me a sudden idea.
Then there addressed the meeting the newly-appointed schoolmaster.
(2)被动结构。例如：
In the distance,there was heard again the lowing of the cattle.
There were found various relics in the ancient tomb.
There are now published millions of books every year in China.
(3)带不定式to be的被动结构（动词多为say,report,rumor等，或表示心理活动的feel,think,be heve,expect,suppose,guess等）。例如：
There is reported to be a lot of troops on the frontier.
There are usually felt to be some differences between the twin sisters.
They didn' t drill wells in any region where there was thought to be no water.
3.“副词there/here/now/then+come/go+…”强调地点或时间。例如：
There goes the bell.
Here comes the bus.
Now comes your turn./Now comes the chance.
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to!
4.在让步状语从句中，强调形容词、名词、动词、过去分词或副词。例如：
Smart though she was,she couldn' t answer that brainteaser.
Talented as he is,he has given up the chance to study at the postgraduate school.
Try as I would,I couldn' t make her change her mind.
Gently as her words were spoken,there was no mistaking that she was displeased.
Child as he is,he knows a lot.
5.将否定词、具有否定意义的词或含有否定词的介词短语置于句首以加强语气。常见的有never,rarely,seldom,little,nowhere,hardly,scarcely,barely,no(sooner ),not (only,once,until ),on no account,under(in) no circumstances,at no point,in vain等。例如：
No sooner had the clown appeared than the spectators roared with laughter.
Not only does he study well,but he is also willing to help others.
"Barely were we able to keep up with garbage collection during the watermelon season," said the sanitation worker.
Under no circumstances will China seek hegemony.
6.将副词、介词短语或其他短语放在句首，以强调时间、地点、方式、频率或程度等。常见的有 only(then,when,after,here,there,in China,before,in this way,by this means) ,thus,always,often,many a time,so,well,bitterly,gladly,brightly等。例如：
Only much later,in 1863 did President Lincoln announce in the Emancipation Proclamation that allslaves were free.
So deafening was the noise that I could hardly hear myself speak.
Before us lay a vast stretch of desert.
Many a time did he go swimming alone.
7.在否定意义的祈使句中可加上主语，以加重语气。例如：
Kiddo,don't you forget!
Don't you be nervous,old chap!
8.在含有情态助动词的谓语结构中，可以将动词（有时带宾语）移至句首，以加强语气。例如：
Return I dare not!
Do something you must,or you will regret it.
三、描绘倒装
描绘性倒装的句子具有动感，能引起读者丰富的联想，仿佛让人看到一幅栩栩如生的画面；有时是将两个事物进行对照或表达比喻意义。这种倒装不仅使语言更加生动，情景更加逼真，而且表现力更强。常用的表达方式有：
1.拟声词。例如：
Bang came another shot!
Crack went the whip!
2.表示方向的副词或介词短语。常见的有up,down,off,away,out,in,through,high等。例如：
Up went the arrow into the air.
High above the city on a tall column stood the stature of the hero.
We were about to leave when down poured the rain.
Following the roar,out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
3.表示对照或比喻的从句：“as…so…”“what…that…”。例如：
As you sow,so will you reap.
What a lion is among beasts,that is an eagle among birds.
四、平衡倒装
当主语部分、前置状语部分或复合宾语中的宾语部分较长时，主谓结构或复合宾语部分最好倒装，以保持句子平衡，这也是写作中常用的一种修辞手段。
1.主谓结构倒装。常见的前置谓语形式如下：
(1)不及物动词。例如：
Suddenly in came a troop of children in all sorts of fancy dress.
On the ground in the centre of the room lay a boy with his teeth set and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
(2)被动语态（整个谓语部分倒装）。例如；
In the far distance was seen the glittering surface of a lake surrounded by pine woods.
In the stillness of the night could be heard the ticktock of the clock and the patter of the rain.
(3)系表结构。例如：
Buried in the desert is an ancient village which is believed to have been repeatedly hit by sandstorms.
Enclosed are some pictures I' ve just taken.
To be particularly considered are the following problems in relation to how to restructure salary,benefit and housing policies.
Soon to be torn down are the two dilapidated buildings beside the church.
(4)进行时态。例如：
Marching ahead was our teacher of English from Australia.
Sitting around him were his two children and a neighbor' s three kids.
2.复合宾语部分倒装。复合宾语包括宾语与宾语补足语。有时句子的谓语和宾语补足语看似一个独立的短语动词，其实不然，如lay bare,fling open,push open,split open,make clear,cut short,make known,keep separated等。常见的前置宾语补足语有：
(1)形容词。例如：
Many people consider impossible what really is possible.
I' ll lay bare the secret that she often does part-time work after school.
(2)过去分词。例如：
Franklin made known to the world the identity of lightning with electricity.
Please keep separated the two devices on top of the machine,in case they are misused.
(3)现在分词。例如：
You had better start running the engine by the riverside.
She saw playing in the garden a group of children aged from six to ten.
(4)动词不定式（主要是let sb/sth do结构的倒装）。例如：
You often let slip your precious time.
Don' t let fly away this little strange bird your brother has just caught.
五、衔接倒装
当后置定语与被修饰语关系紧密，或前、后两个分句中的某一词语指同一个人或事物时，如果按照自然语序表达就相隔太远，因此最好采用倒装的方法将两个部分拉近，以便使上下文意义衔接更为连贯。
To the east of the mountains are plains and gentle hills used for farming and grazing sheep.（试比较：Plains and gentle hills to the east of the mountains are used for farming and grazing sheep.）
In the centre of the island is an area called the Central Plateau where most of New Zealand' s volcanic activity occurs.（试比较：An area in the centre of the island called the Central Plateau is where most of New Zealand' s volcanic activity occurs.）