Four Decades On
Concerted efforts needed to keep Sino U.S. relations on track By Wen Qing
I n 1972, at the Jinjiang Hotel in downtown Shanghai, the Shanghai Communiqué was signed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and U.S. President Richard Nixon, establishing the framework for the normalization of bilateral relations, which would be realized on January 1, 1979, with the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America.
Currently, China-U.S. ties are one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world. Sound Sino-U.S. relations are in line with the fundamental interests of the two peoples and the broad-based expectations of the international community, Chinese President Xi Jinping told U.S. President Donald Trump during their meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on December 1, 2018.
Nevertheless, opportunities and challenges facing bilateral relations are both unprecedented against the backdrop of the ongoing trade conflict between the two largest economies in the world.
Mixed signals
According to Diao Daming, an associate professor on Sino-U.S. relations at the Renmin University of China, Washington has been delivering very noisy signals to Beijing, which have rarely been seen in history and is worrisome. He made the remarks at a symposium marking the 40th anniversary of China-U.S. diplomatic relations at the Jinjiang Hotel in December 2018.
“It seemed that Trump wanted to solve the issue of trade de fi cit to boost the economy, but the United States sent messages that it intended to push China into a corner to compress its strategic space,” Diao said.“Maybe Washington itself does not know what it wants at the moment.”
The United States is in an offensive posture, while China is defensive in bilateral relations at the moment. The U.S. anxiety about China’s rapid development led to its extreme pressure on China, severely hurting bilateral relations, Yang said. “The two countries should have an inclusive mentality toward each other and should not pursue complete victory or absolute superiority,” he added.
In the 1970s and 80s, China and the United States collaborated against the Soviet Union and after the Cold War, the two countries developed extensive interdependence in the economic field, Zhou Wenzhong, former Chinese Ambassador to the United States, said.
塑料打包带(绳)具有质轻、牢固、易获取等特点，广泛应用于日常生活中。在各类案件现场中塑料打包带(绳)出现频率逐步提高：在入室盗窃案件中，犯罪人员常用塑料打包带(绳)捆绑钱财和物品；在绑架案件中，塑料打包带(绳)常被用于限制被害人的活动。进行塑料打包带(绳)成分的分析比对，对缩小侦查范围、有效打击犯罪起着重要作用。
如果高职与企业合作的状况用两个链条比喻的话，可以说，高职教育链与区域经济产业链的利益链条初见端倪，但尚未形成有机衔接。一是形成规模，运行欠佳。随着我国教育政策引领和经济社会发展需求，高职校企合作规模不断扩大，合作因素和形式不一，合作状态松散多、紧密少，缺少科学的合作保障机制，导致“校企合作”运行状况不佳。二是“校企合作”黏度欠佳。由于学校与企业各自利益的结合点偏位，各自优势互惠互利不到位，政府及部门监管制度缺位，校企合作主体、主导、监管等各方责任不明，致使“校企合作”存在黏度欠佳及“两张皮”现象，尚未形成高职教育链与区域经济产业链联动发展的良性状态。
However, after taking office in 2017,Trump steered an abrupt policy change.His administration named China as a strategic competitor and rival power, which heralded back to before 1972. Uncertainty was very obvious in the Trump administration’s policy toward China, Zhou said.
Ac cording to Douglas Paal, Vice President for Studies of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the post-Cold War, unipolar world, where the United States is the most dominant country and others are much less a factor, has changed, but there’s great disorder and disarray in the global power structure. The old way of doing business can’t continue;the United States has to make room for China, Paal pointed out.
“We hope bilateral ties get back on track and the United States again views China as a partner rather than a rival power,”Zhou said. According to him, the past four decades proved that cooperation brings benefits to both sides, while confrontation could be damaging.
In spite of this, some contradictory developments showed that the U.S. president and his key officials have not reached consensus on a policy toward China, with disagreement abundantly clear, Zhou said.“Thus, the Chinese feel confused when dealing with diplomatic issues with the United States because we do not know who is at the helm in Washington.”
Mutual concessions
青铜峡市7个镇不同作物硒含量变幅在0.001～0.293 mg/kg，其中螺丝菜的硒平均含量最高，为0.103 mg/kg，白菜的最低，为 0.002 6 mg/kg。参照国家富硒稻谷、《宁夏富硒农产品地方标准》和安康市《富硒食品硒含量分类标准》中的作物硒含量，所检测的215件农产品中49.30%达到了富硒标准。
秦铁崖道：“秦某无意蹚浑水，不过，惩奸除恶，扫荡八虎，秦某甘当马前卒，刀山火海也敢上，龙潭虎穴照样闯。”众人肃然起敬。
该公司控制系统的服务器、操作站大量使用Windows系统，由于微软公司已经停止了对部分系统的技术支持服务，不再提供更新补丁修补系统漏洞，黑客很可能利用系统漏洞攻击工控主机。
In October 2018, the International Monetary Fund lowered its forecast for world economic growth for 2018 and 2019, citing increasing trade tensions as the main threat to the world economy. If the situation continues, the U.S. economy will also be affected.
Top Chinese leaders have consistently reiterated the importance of close bilateral ties during the past decades. In 2011, the two countries agreed to build a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual bene fit. Xi’s proposal to build a new type of major-country relationship between China and the United States won President Barack Obama’s backing.
但是我终于出来了。我越过那堆积着像山一样的十八年的长岁月，回到了生我养我而且让我刻印了无数儿时回忆的地方。我走了很多的路。
“Bilateral problems need to be resolved,but this cannot be done through complete concession by the Chinese side or complete victory by the United States. Both sides must compromise and concede,”Yang Yi, former Director of the Strategic Studies Institute with the National Defense University of the People’s Liberation Army,said.
Since China and the United States have different political and social systems,it is normal that they have divergence on some issues. The trade deficit should be tackled through bilateral negotiations, but a trade war should never be resorted to as it does harm to both sides. For example,General Motors, one of the largest automakers in the United States, was affected by the additional tariffs imposed by the Trump administration on China-origin imports, since many of its cars produced in China were subject to the restrictive measures.
Like Diao, many participants expressed concerns about the turn in U.S. policy toward China.
Xi and Trump agreed in Buenos Aires not to impose new additional tariffs and to step up negotiations between the economic teams of the two sides toward the removal of all additional tariffs and reaching a concrete agreement that would lead to win-win results.
郭文安：肯定会，其实王道俊先生在去世前就已经提出了修改的方向和建议。大概《教育学》一书的理论体系不会有大的改变，但在内容上将继续充实、改进和完善。这也会导致章节内部逻辑体系的调整、变化和发展。因为，这涉及价值取向的问题，我们国家的教育首先是以马克思主义、毛泽东思想为指导，坚持以人为本的教育观是中国教育学教材建设的根本要求，当然坚持马克思主义也要与时俱进，要体现时代的要求与特色。
Experts and scholars from China and the United States attend a symposium marking the 40th anniversary of China-U.S. diplomatic relations in Shanghai’s Jinjiang Hotel on December 13, 2018
The current global order was established under the leadership of the United States after World War II. But some developing countries have grown rapidly in the ensuing years and their interests need to be protected, which means the existing order needs to be adjusted. The United States has to accept this reality and learn to share the fruits of development with the rest of the world, Zhou said.
No zero sum game
Graham Allison, a professor at Harvard University, coined the phrase Thucydides Trap that warns of the danger of war when a rising country causes fear in an established power. In his view, the overall relationship between China and the United States is driven by a Thucydides dynamic,with all the natural and predictable consequences that it brings. China is growing stronger but is feeling constrained and contained by the United States, while the United States is accustomed to ruling and is feeling disrupted and disturbed by a rising China, Allison said.
Views toward each other have changed and bilateral relations shifted toward competition, according to Yao Yunzhu, a senior advisor at the China Association of Military Science. But competition does not necessarily result in confrontation and both sides should do their best to make sure that a healthy competition can bene fit them and the world as a whole.
Many other participants also believe that China and the United States can avoid falling into the Thucydides Trap. David Lampton, a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies,is one of them.
“There is a Thucydides danger, but it does not inevitably lead to war. To avoid this trap, countries have to create more interdependence and conduct ecological cooperation in the world environment,” he said. “When I arrived in China in the 1980s,people talked about self-reliance. But today they put great emphasis on interdependence. That is a huge change. The welfare of both countries will improve if we rely on each other to do what we do best.”
While suggesting China remain patient,Lampton called on the United States to learn to make room for other countries in the world.
Countries that have nuclear weapons are not going to get involved in conflict,Paal said. In his view, the biggest challenge is how to avoid the growth of China’s rim from confronting existing U.S. interests in the area in ways that may lead to con fl ict.“If we can manage that, we will have huge success.”
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
Comments to wenqing@bjreview.com
标签：Communiqué论文; REPUBLIC论文; People'论文; s论文; SHANGHAI论文; BETWEEN论文;