Keeping the Peace
By Godfrey Olukya
Ugandan troops on their way to Somalia for a peacekeeping mission
Ugandan troops form an integral part of the peacekeeping efforts in Africa
When Uganda sent its troops to Somalia to keep peace in the war-torn country in East Africa in March 2007, many locals considered the move would backfire miserably.
But the Ugandan armed forces proved their critics wrong and showed their mettle, going on to successfully execute peacekeeping missions not only in Somalia, but also in other countries in the region.
Uganda currently has the most African Union (AU) peacekeepers in the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), with 6,223 soldiers deployed in the country, followed by Burundi (5,432), Ethiopia (4,395),Kenya (3,664) and Djibouti (2,000) according to a recent AMISOM report. Uganda has lost 110 soldiers in the conflict in Somalia at the time of writing.
Despite initial criticism, Ugandan President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni insisted that he was sending the troops for the good of the region’s security. “If we leave such chaos to continue in Somalia, in the long run, fighting could spread to neighboring countries,” said Museveni. He argued that a destabilized Somalia could be used as a base by militants to attack countries surrounding Somalia.
Even though Somali militia had embarrassed the U.S. elite forces by scoring victories over their troops in 1993, during one of the U.S.’s most high-profile intervention failures in Africa, on March 1, 2007, Museveni authorized a battalion of Uganda’s Peoples Defense Force (UPDF) soldiers to head for Somalia.
Museveni told the troops that Ugandan and other foreign forces were being sent to help restore peace in the war-torn Horn of Africa country. “African countries should cooperate in order to solve their ow n problems,” he said at the time.
UN approval
Before Uganda sent troops to Somalia, a trade bloc of eight regional countries with headquarters in Djibouti, known as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, proposed a peacekeeping force for Somalia in 2004, but fighting inside the country prevented troop deployment.Eventually, on February 21, 2007 the UN Security Council approved Resolution 1744,which authorized the deployment of a new AMISOM.
However, Muwalimu Mukasa, an Imam at the Kidera Mosque in east Uganda, said that a country sending its troops to help secure another country should be appreciated.
The UPDF said it currently has 55,000 soldiers in its ranks and an operating budget for 2017-18 of around $26.6 million.
The UPDF said it currently has 55,000 soldiers in its ranks and an operating budget for 2017-18 of around $26.6 million.
兰州生物医药产业基地基础较好，优势凸显，但核心区空间约束严重，扩展区小园区大产业模式相对薄弱，西部药谷尚在起步，产业链薄弱环节明显，整个产业链外向性欠缺。因此，促进产业空间整合，培育产业链各环节的核心竞争力，必然能够在很大程度上突破科研、技术、工艺、服务等方面的弱势，推动生物医药产业基地的高效持续发展。当然，因为无法获取全部企业的发展大数据，产业链内部如何有效实现功能互补和优势重组，还需要全面、深入地调研和进一步分析。
It did not take long for a cessation of hostilities to return to most parts of Somalia by 20 10 and South Sudan in 20 14 after deployment of Ugandan troops, indicating the success of their presence. Despite sporadic violence still flaring up in Somalia, the intervention of AMISOM has had much success.
“Uganda has done a lot in improving security and peace in Africa. It sent troops to Somalia to fight militants. It also sent troops to the Central African Republic to hunt for Lord’s Resistance Army rebel leader Joseph Kony and to South Sudan to stop bloodshed from warring tribes,” said Edw ard Mugisa, Assistant Commissioner of Ugandan Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs.
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据处理与分析，双人双录，以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
However, fighting between Somalia’s then transitional government and rival militants made any troop deployment difficult.
The AU is also appreciative of Uganda’s efforts to keep peace on the continent. Special Representative of the AU for Somalia Francisco Madeira is on record as saying, “Uganda is on the right path. Uganda is doing the right thing. Uganda is sacri fi cing for Somalia; but more importantly Uganda is playing its part of creating a united AU.”
Earlier this year UN Resident Coordinator Rosa Malongo said, “It [Uganda’s contribution to regional peace] is recognized by all as a positive contribution by Uganda.UPDF soldiers are contributing significantly to peace efforts and security in the Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa.”
Yet while other countries wavered,Uganda sent 6,000 peacekeepers to Somalia in March 2007. In other subsequent peacekeeping missions, Uganda sent thousands of troops to countries in the region. This includes 7,000 troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2008, over 5,000 troops to South Sudan in January 2014 and 2,300 troops to the Central African Republic in 2013. Only troops to Somalia were sent under AU and UN sanction, while the rest were sent and sponsored by Uganda itself.
1）柴油置换工作落实到位。引柴油置换时，流量控制不小于200 t/h，换热网络每路每台换热器进行逐个置换，现场专人负责，从换热器出口放空进行排查，出口放空见柴油后，开换热器跨线置换2～5 min，再进行下台换热器柴油置换，换热网络置换中一路一路进行置换，直至每路见柴油，再进行后续置换，确保每台换热器内柴油置换干净。整个柴油开路置换耗时13 h。
Highly trained
UPDF Deputy Spokesman Deo Akiiki said that the Ugandan army’s capability is one of the reasons why it plays such a big role in peacekeeping on the continent.
“It is a highly trained army which can take on any situation, at any time, once called for duty,” said Akiiki. He said that the UPDF is built on the foundation of Pan-Africanism which makes it unique.
“We do not look at ourselves as only a Ugandan army, but an army for Africa,” he said, adding that as long as the mission is to save fellow Africans, the UPDF can be deployed anywhere in Africa.
Lieutenant Joel Okello, who took part in peacekeeping missions in Somalia for two years, said he was motivated by the need to help others. “It was not an easy venture.The Somali militants could hit us anytime in their ambushes. But all the same, my fellow soldiers and I felt great because we were fighting to save fellow Africans,” said Okello.
4.2.2 分析：UE侧打开了eDRX，所以UE会在hfn:970，sfn:256到hfn:971，sfn:256这段时间内接收paging，但是在基站侧却在hfn:971，sfn:449这个点上给UE发射paging。核查参数发现核心网侧打开了eDRX，基站侧未打开eDRX，配置不一致，导致Paging帧不对齐丢失。
But Esther Nanozi, a businessw oman in the Ugandan capital Kampala, is not happy about the country’s army fighting in other countries. Nanozi said, “I w onder why Uganda sends soldiers to fight in other African countries while in some parts of the country there is insecurity,” she said. There are a lot of criminal incidents and security threats in the Masaka District w here she lives and, according to her, before the troops are deployed to keep peace in other countries, they should first ensure that there is adequate security in Uganda.
“It is commendable that a small country like Uganda plays a big role in peacekeeping on the continent and setting an example to other African countries that Africa can solve its ow n problems,” said Mugisa.
这种“以写促读”策略中的“写作”，是为了帮助学生在习得文本语言表达形式的同时，更深刻地体验文本内涵、把握文本主旨。阅读与写作的“结合点”在于文本形式与文本内涵、主旨的融合。在教学中，可以尝试“以读促写”“以写促读”交互式运用。
建立科学高效的专项转移支付体系，是一个系统的工程，必须以提高预算绩效为中心，以理顺政府和市场的关系为根本，以合理划分事权和财权为前提，以控制专项转移支付的类别、规模和比重为重点，以法制建设为基础，以提高透明度为保障，以加强监管为关键，以统筹使用为热点，综合施策，形成合力，全面提高专项转移支付管理水平和使用效益。
“What Uganda, a country with limited resources, has done, as far as peacekeeping in other countries is concerned, should be appreciated. Other African countries should emulate Uganda,” said Mukasa.
Ugand an Governm ent Sp okesman Ofw ono Opondo said that w hat makes Uganda get involved in peacekeeping is its Africanist outlook. “Our ruling party, the National Resistance Movement, believes in building Africa together. And President Museveni believes in building an African economic bloc, but this cannot be done if there is insecurity in some parts of the continent,” said Opondo.
Head of AMISOM Francisco Caetano Madeira said on November 23, 2018 that he had discussed planned joint military operations with the Somali security forces with Uganda’s Chief of the Defense Forces of the UPDF General David Muhoozi, who was on a routine visit to his AMISOM troops in Somalia.
提出专业指导意见，促进临床实践开展。从患者角度而言，护理安全管理团队定期考核患者对护理安全相关知识的认知，将进一步加强和监督护士对患者护理安全相关知识的教育，旨在提高患者自身护理安全的认知水平，让患者亲自参与不良事件的防范，更为直接有效地降低不良事件的发生率。团队工作方式高效灵活，不仅提高了护士及患者护理安全的认知水平，而且有利于护理安全相关措施的有效落实，进而改善了临床护理安全管理，提高了护理质量，培养了护理团队严谨的工作态度和凝聚力［6］。
四、促进物流降本增效。一方面进一步降低物流税费、通行、融资、用地、审批等制度性交易成本。一方面引导物流企业调整资源配置方式和运输结构。引导工商企业优化物流成本管理，从降低物流企业成本向降低企业物流成本乃至整个供应链物流成本转变。
“We both agreed that we need to continue to move together. We also need to make sure that Al-Shabaab is further degraded,”said Muhoozi.
On his part, Madeira said the visit by General Muhoozi offers reassurance to the mission leadership and troops. “We talked about how we can move ahead in the coming times, how we can, together,implement the transition, [and] Resolution 2431 of the UN Security Council, which gives us the mandate up to May next year,”he said. The resolution extended the mandate of the AMISOM until May 31, 2019 and delays the troops’ drawdown scheduled for 2018 to 2019.
“A lot has been done, a lot more remains and I can only say that the resilience of the enemy is matched by the resilience of the troops in AMISOM and all the troops contributing countries,” said Muhoozi. CA
*Reporting from Uganda
*Comments to niyanshuo@Chin Africa.cn