定语从句关系词的用法难点解析,本文主要内容关键词为:系词论文,从句论文,定语论文,难点论文,此文献不代表本站观点,内容供学术参考,文章仅供参考阅读下载。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词主要包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语;关系副词有when,where,why等,在定语从句中只能作状语。
下面结合学生的学习难点及往年的自考试题简要归纳几种关系词及其搭配的用法和区别。
一、as用作关系代词
许多学习者把as引导的定语从句误看成是状语从句或者认为as不能用作关系代词。其实as引导非限制性定语从句和which类似,但as用作定语从句的关系代词或多或少保留了as引导方式、比较状语从句时的意义,因此as引导的定语从句的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中,也可放在句末。它对先行词(句子)从正面进行辅助说明,常含有“正如”之意。而which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰整个句子时,只能放在句末。例如:
As might be expected,the response to the question was very mixed.正如所预料的,对这个问题的回答是五花八门。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,which of course,made others jealous.海伦对她最小的孩子要比对其他的孩子慈爱得多,这让他们感到嫉妒。
as还可与so,such,the same等关联使用,引导定语从句。如2003年综合英语(二)的一道选择题:
He never hesitates to make ______ criticisms ______ are considered helpful to others.
A.such...asB.such...which
C.may...as D.many...which
如果自考生熟悉上面所谈到的as的用法,就能轻松地选择正确的答案A。
二、关系代词前介词的选择
1)关系代词which,whom,whose/which+名词等前的介词主要是定语从句本身的搭配(名词、动词、形容词)所要求的。如:
2005年综合英语(二)的一道选择题:
We can not leave this tough job to a person______.
A.who nobody has confidence
B.in whom nobody has confidence
C.for whom nobody has confidence
D.who everyone has confidence of
这个句子考查了关系代词前介词的选用。只有答案B是正确的,因为定语从句中有一固定搭配 have confidence in sb.,用什么介词in和whom引导了修饰person的定语从句。
2)当先行词(被修饰词)是表示方式、交通工具、程度、速度、目的、时间、材料、计划等名词时,用什么介词常由先行词决定。如:
2003年综合英语(一)的一道选择题:
There are several ways ______ we can cross the river without the help of local villages.
A.in whichB.across which
C.to whichD.on which
应选A。介词in是由先行词ways所决定的。
3)介词+which/whom前有时有一个名词,形成“名词/代词+which/whom”这一特殊结构,如:
2004年综合英语(一)的一道选择题:
The boy was paid $ 10 for washing ten windows,most of ______ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
A.thoseB.theseC.thatD.which
应选D,填上which后正好运用了定语从句中“代词+which”这一特殊结构,其中most为代词, which作为关系代词指代前面的先行词windows。
4)介词+which/whom常用于动词不定式前,从而构成一种省略型定语从句,介词一旦后置,which/ whom就不能存在。如:
2003年10月综合英语(一)的一道选择题:
Parents love their children with a devotion ______ no return.
A.which they ask for
B.which they ask
C.for which they ask for
D.for which they ask
在选项A中,介词后置,所以which不应存在;选项B无ask所要求的介词for;选项C介词重复;因此,只有选项D是正确的。
三、whose用作关系代词
whose为who之所有格,表示“……的”。它所指代的先行词(被修饰词)既可以是人也可以是物。如:
一道四级考试真题:
The residents,______ had been damaged by the flood,were given help by the Red Cross.那些房子被洪水冲毁的居民们得到了红十字会的救助。
A.all their homes
B.of all whose homes
C.all of whose homes
D.all of their homes
只有选项C是正确的,由代词all加上关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句修饰resident。 whose表示“居民的……”。
四、先行词(被修饰词)的定位
定语从句一般紧接在先行词之后,但以下几种情况会导致定语从句与先行词分离,应予以充分注意。
1)先行词同时被一后置短语修饰时。如:
George was the only boy at school thet I made friends with.(介词短语at school把定语从句和被修饰词the only boy分开了。)
2)先行词为句子主语,而谓语又很短时。如:
The time has come when common people can use E-mail to communicate with one another.(谓语has come把when引导的定语从句和先行词the time分开了。)
3)先行词作复合宾语中的宾语而宾语补足语或补语性状语又相对较短时。如:
I put the magazines back on the shelf which you read yesterday.(先行词为magazines,back on the shelf为补足语说明杂志的位置。)
4)than,as作关系代词,其先行词一定是被 more或so,such,the same修饰的名词中心词;but的先行词一定是句子前面含有否定意义的名词。如:
I don't feel the same being at all,you know,as I did 2 years ago.你要知道,我觉得自己根本不像是两年前的我了。
五、关系副词where和when的选用
引导定语从句的关系副词when,where和why的含义相当于at which,in which和for which。它们可以引导定语从句,并在定语从句中作状语。如:
She is studying at the university where her mother once studied.(2006,综合英语)
There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.(2002,英语自考)
但是,当先行词还是为表示地点和时间的名词,定语从句的关系词在从句中作主语或宾语。这时,就不能再用关系副词when和where引导定语从句,而应选用关系代词which和that。如:
This is the s mall mountain village(that)we visited in the last summer.
I can never forget the days (that) I spent with my grandparents.
尽管先行词是表示地点和时间名词,但是因关系词在从句中作谓语动词的宾语,所以只能使用关系代词that(或省略that)。
再如2005年综合英语中的一道选择题:
The hours ______ the children spend in their oneway relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.
A.in whichB.on which
C.whenD.that
选D。先行词虽然是时间名词hours,但关系词在从句中作谓语spend的宾语,所以定语从句的引导词只能选用关系代词that。
总之,尽管定语从句关系词的用法比较繁杂,但学习者只要认真留心上面谈到的几点,这一难点一定能迎刃而解。