Energizing the Future
China takes the lead in global energy structure transformation By Zhang Shasha
Birds can't find a tree to perch on, while blowing sands dust away the sun. This is what Saihanba, a highland in north China's Hebei Province, used to look like. But thanks to decades of greening, the previously desolate land has been replaced with dense forests and vast grasslands. Moreover, it is home to the world's largest wind farm in operation—Datang Chifeng Saihanba Wind Power Co. Ltd.
“Back then, the technicians had to use two electric blankets when they slept, one on the bed and the other to cover themselves,” Li Shuo, Deputy Director of the Centralized Control Center, China Datang Corp. Renewable Power Co. Ltd., said while showing the dormitories of the plant's earliest workers from 2004, when it began.
The harsh weather conditions posed a great problem as a strong wind blew more than 360 days a year and the temperatures could drop to minus 42 degrees Celsius. But the biggest challenge was the lack of experience. The fi rst technicians at the Saihanba plant were from thermal power plants and power grid companies and their experience could not be transferred to wind farm construction, Li told Beijing Review . “Wind power was at its initial stage at the beginning of the 2000s, and nationwide, there was no precedent available for learning,” he said.
After 15 years of development and innovation, the Saihanba plant has a total installed capacity of 1.52 GW and 1,136 wind turbines of 14 types, both imported and domestically manufactured. The import substitution rate has reached 58.9 percent, according to Li.
（3）当前，全市各县城镇污水处理率较低，仍然存在污水直排水功能区现象，严重污染了水功能区的水环境。各级政府应当加强污水处理厂的规划与建设，同时做好污水管网建设，以提高污水的处理率和处理质量。
But China caught up swiftly. “Foreign wind turbine manufacturers began their businesses over a decade earlier than their Chinese counterparts. Before 2010, no Chinese enterprise was included in the top 10 wind turbine manufacturers in the world, whereas today, Chinese fi rms rank at the front of the pack,” Li said, adding that China leads in various aspects such as wind turbine wings design.
Powering ahead
“Before 2007, all wind turbines had to be imported,” Li said. “Denmark's Vestas, the manufacturer, offered up to two years of maintenance services after the turbines went into operation. We went to its factory and base to learn and grasp the maintenance skills.”
From zero to the biggest, the Saihanba plant's growth mirrors China's wind power development. According to China Energy News , in 2000, China's installed capacity of wind turbines was just 0.3 GW, while in 2012, it overtook the U.S. as the world's largest wind power country with 60 GW. By June, it had reached 193 GW, and the country's newly installed capacity of onshore wind turbines ranked No.1 worldwide for the ninth consecutive year in 2018.
According to the China Wind Energy Association (CWEA), it took only 10 years for Chinese proprietary wind turbine brands to break the foreign monopoly. By 2017, international brands occupied only 4 percent of China's wind turbine market.
Once a small part of China's wind power development, offshore wind power has shown huge potential in recent years. In 2018, the newly installed capacity of offshore wind power increased by 42.2 percent, according to the CWEA.
A report by the Global Wind Energy Council in 2018 said China's wind power industry has not only undergone tremendous changes, but also transformed the international wind power landscape as a result.
(1)失重实验。实验所用N80碳钢试片尺寸为30 mm×15 mm×3 mm，模拟地层水溶液通高纯CO2除氧，使溶液中CO2饱和，在模拟现场最苛刻工况(60℃、CO2分压4 MPa)的条件下进行静态高温高压釜挂片实验72 h。腐蚀速率按式(3)计算。
A shiny name card
Coincidentally, China's solar and wind power sectors have been keeping up with each other over the past years. These days, while traveling around China, it is easy to see rows of photovoltaic (PV) panels in the sand, on the sea, on farmland and roofs, from which clean energy pours into households and industries.
According to a report by the China National Renewable Energy Center in October 2018, China's installed capacity of the PV industry in 2000 was just 0.02 GW, less than one 15th of Japan's, while in 2015, it surpassed Germany to become the world's largest PV market. By June, China's cumulative installed capacity of the PV industry hit 186 GW, an increase of 20 percent year on year, according to the National Energy Administration.
“In the past 10 years, China's PV industry has achieved great results,” Wang Sicheng, a researcher with the Energy Research Institute under the National Development and Reform Commission, said.
Along with installed capacity, Wang said China's PV-associated products have occupied a large global market share, with polysilicon accounting for 57.8 percent, batteries and components for more than 70 percent, and wafers and ingots for as high as 90 percent.
As government subsidies gradually phase out and the feed-in tariff of new energy power equals traditional energy, it can grow by 8-10 percent in the future. Meanwhile, total energy demand will only increase by 2-3 percent, which will accelerate the adjustment of the energy structure, He said.
Wang Bohua, Vice President of the China Photovoltaic Industry Association, said at a symposium on July 25 that China's PV exports hit $10.61 billion in the first half of the year, a 31.7-percent increase year on year. Products have been exported to more than 200 countries, with destinations more diversified than before, expanding outside Asia.
北宋末年，金兵南侵，高宗赵构南渡建都。当年孔子第四十八代衍圣公孔端友，抱负着孔子和元官夫人的一对楷木像从山东曲阜南迁至衢州，建立孔氏家庙，这就是南宗孔氏家庙。此后衢州也就被孔氏称为“第二圣地”。
However, balancing the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection is a diffi cult challenge that the international community must face head on.
Currently, these companies are diminishing their dependence on singular overseas markets and diversifying the options in emerging markets. But they still face challenges such as inadequate information and cutthroat competition.
邻区干扰会导致SINR值的降低，而芯片协议规定只要SINR值小于7，依据RSRP值，覆盖等级只能为1、2 ，而在覆盖等级1、2下，UE会满功率进行发射。从灯杆信号的摸查以及提取的终端日志来看，能检测到多个PCI，且rsrp强度在-60～70的情况下，SNR值波动较大，最低可以达到负十几。
Embracing the future
While China is devoted to reducing the ratio of energy use to GDP by accelerating industrial restructuring, the low-carbon reform is also underway as the country is sparing no efforts to promote the development of new energy, according to him.
China has committed to lowering its carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan ($1,400) of GDP by 60 to 65 percent from 2005 levels by 2030, increasing the share of non-fossil energy sources in the energy mix to around 20 percent.
A photovoltaic project combines solar energy generation with farming in Lishui, east China's Zhejiang Province, on October 18, 2018
However, risks also exist. Zhang Chunguang, chief operating officer of CanadianSolar, a global energy provider, said several years ago, more than 90 percent of China's PV products were exported. But the protectionist measures in both the U.S. and the EU have affected many Chinese enterprises and taught them a lesson about depending too heavily on overseas markets.
He Jiankun, head of Tsinghua University's Low-Carbon Economy Institute, said at a forum in Beijing on August 22 that lowering the GDP carbon intensity by a large margin is the core strategy to coordinate development and carbon reduction, and the fundamental ways of doing so are energy conservation and a low-carbon energy system.
Despite the twists and turns, China's new energy sector, represented by the wind and solar industries, has seen leapfrog growth, making it a highlight of energy consumption. It is also playing a leading role in transforming the global energy structure.
[31]搜狐网：《泰国稳居2017年中国出境游目的地国榜首》，http://www.sohu.com/a/231544432_100119909，2018年5月14日。
Meanwhile, the cost of PV products and solar power generation has fallen by more than 90 percent in the past decade. Wang Guiqing, deputy head of the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products, said with their large advantage in scale of production, China's PV products were able to sharply drop costs and along with the improvement in quality, have created sound conditions for their worldwide use.
真是吴站长啊！听吴站长声音，一定是个年龄不大的靓仔哟。对方很大声地笑了起来，接着说，我是“老来俏火锅连锁集团”总裁劳大翠，你劳大姐啊。事情嘛好商量，好商量。晚上找个地方一起喝咖啡，就我们姐弟俩，咋样？
“Currently, China's feed-in tariff of new energy is 0.35-0.4 yuan (4.9-5.6 cents) per kWh on average, while that of coal power is 0.4 yuan per kWh,” Zhou Hongjun, Deputy Dean of the Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, told Beijing Review . “At the current pace of growth, it will be 0.15 yuan (2.1 cents) per kWh by 2030. At that time, fossil energy consumption will see a profound change, with some coal power plants set to close,” Zhou said.
According to a recent report released by REN21, a United Nations renewable energy consultant agency, China has been the largest investor of renewable energy for seven consecutive years and its investment in renewable energy accounted for almost one third of the world's total in 2018, at $91.2 billion.
苏州市在多年开展农村河道疏浚的经验基础上，提出了河道轮浚和长效管理两手抓的河道轮浚管理机制理念。一是建立科学合理的轮浚制度，有计划有步骤地对农村河道进行疏浚，明确疏浚的时间、要求、标准、验收办法；二是健全农村河道长效管理机制。巩固疏浚成果，依法保护河道，实施长效管理。这对扭转突击疏浚所产生的不良影响、掌握主动权、持续改善农村水环境、维持河道功能、保障水系畅通具有重要意义。
“It is beneficiary to develop clean energy, since it is the fi nal way to improve national energy security,” Zou Ji, President of the Energy Foundation China, said at the forum. At present in China, nearly 70 percent of petroleum and 50 percent of natural gas are imported. If we rely on renewable energy, it is a boon for energy security, he added.
看着王爷举八字步忽前忽后、那木偶忽侧目掩泪忽正颜怒斥，我浑身的血都在呼呼地往上涌，差一点儿眼泪流出来。不单是王爷那一身肘木偶“手、眼、身、法、步”的功夫惊人，关键那木偶表现出的悲愤模样，竟比真人哭在眼前还让人揪心。
“Even in the face of downward economic pressure and global uncertainties, low-carbon reform cannot be stopped, nor can it be delayed,” Zou said, “Its termination will be as harmful as ceasing modernization. If we don't seize the current opportunities, we will pay a higher cost in the future.”
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
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