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“短文改错”题是一九九一年以来英语高考NMET试卷第二卷所采用的一种题型。由于这一题型没有提供任何解题的暗示和选择的可能性,因此,客观上就要求学生能准确地融合已学过的全部英语知识,通过对一篇短文的认真阅读,经过对构成短文的词句内在联系的适当剖析,达到识错、改错的目的。因此,此题型的应试难度较之“单项填空”、“完形填空”、“阅读理解”和“书面表达”题一点也不逊色。根据近年来部分省、市考生此题得分普遍偏低这一事实可以证明:“短文改错”题比起其它题型来说考查的范围更广、要求的层次更高,应试的难度更大。此题中,对英语若干语法规则和多种语言技能的测试熔于一炉,不少学生对纷繁的英语知识仅停留在一般的识记阶段,远未上升到综合运用、形成能力的阶段,因此,在应试中往往顾此失彼,对所设的错误视而不见,严重的还颠倒黑白,将正确的地方改错。正因为如此,认真研究其题型设计、探索其解题思路、培养其解题技巧是英语学习、应试中不可忽视的重要一环。
近五年,NMET“短文改错”题的题型设计大体一致,改错的范围均限于四个:即“多一词”、“缺一词”、“错一词”和“没有错”。其具体分布和分值如下表:
以上统计表明:近五年的NMET“短文改错”题四种题型虽不均等,但均包括在内。其中考查的重点是“错一词”,占百分之六十。
同时,近五年的NMET“短文改错”题考察的范围广,从单词拼写错误到词法、句法错误无所不包,甚至还涉及行文的逻辑错误。比较这五份试题的“短文改错”题中有关考点的分布便可见其一斑:
显然,近五年的“短文改错”题中考查的重点是词法,占百分之八十以上;几大词类几乎面面俱到,但重点又集中在对动词的考查上。因此,掌握英语中动词的用法是提高“短文改错”题应试水平的关键。下面列举近五年NMET“短文改错”题中所设的有关动词的九类错误:
一、动词的书写错误,如:
1/.(误):He said it was best to stay until help arived.
(NMET 91----90)
(正):将arived改为arrived.
2/.(误):Suddenly we caught sight at a car.(91----101)
(正):将ar改为of.
说明:短语动词catch sight of不能写作catch sight at.
比较:Napoleon suddenly caught sight of the tall soldier.(SB.1P.253)
二、原形动词的词形错误,如:
(误):I helped him to stood up.(91----99)
(正):将stood改为stand.
说明:stood是动词stand的一般过去式,不是原形。
三、运动动词的方向错误,如:
(误):Uncle Ben will also go back for Cristmas.(95----94)
(正):go应改为come.
说明:“英语用法指南”指出:“假如我们说的是过去或将来的事,,come所表示的运动方向一般是指说话人或听话人曾经呆过或将要去的地方;go则用于其它运动方向。”(P.141)
比较:When help did not come,I began to worry.(SB.2 P.273)
He was afraid to go out,even for food.(SB.1 P.210)
But no savages came;and after a time he
began to go out again。(SB.1 p.210)
再比较以下正误:
(误):They said they will go to my house。tomorrow.
(正):They said they will come to my house tomorrow.
(“家用英语正误手册”P.409)
四、动词时态变化错误,如:
(误):He lied down.(91----96)
(正):将lied改为lay.
说明:动词lie作“说谎”讲时,一般过去式是lied;而作“躺”讲时,一般过去式应写作lay。
比较:He lay on his back.
五、非谓语动词使用错误,如:
A、动词不定式:
1/.(误):I wanted go off。(91----88)
(正):不定式go off应写作to go off.
2/.(误):I had always wanted return to the village.(95----83)
(正):不定式return前应加to,写作to re-turn.
说明:上述两题中,不定式作为物动词want的宾语时,动词不定式的符号to不能省略,比较:He wanted to join the French Army.(SB.1 p.250)
3/.(误):…are working improve health all over the world.(93----95)
(正):improve前加to,写作to improve.
说明:动词不定式在句中作目的状语时,不能省略。不定式符号to。比较:He started work-ing to improve it。(SB.1 P.2)
4/.(误):Let you to know…
(正):Let you know…
说明:动词不定式作动词let的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to应省去。比较:Let me ex-amine you.(SB.2P.39)
B、分词和动名词:
1/.(误):After an hour or so we began to feel frightening.(91----95)
(正):将frightening改为frightened.
说明:表示某人某种感情时,应使用“be+过去分词”结构。比较:The boy was fright-ened.(JB.5 P.102)
2/.(误):the cost of send a postcard…(94----93)
(正):介词of后的动词send应用其动名词sending作宾语。
说明:比较:He thought of building a free state foe all the people.(SB.1 P.86)
3/.(误):I want to thank you again for have me in yourhome for the summer holi-days.(95----81)
(正):将have改为having.
说明:介词for后的动词have应用其动名词having作宾语。
六、谓语动词的时态、语态错误,如:
A、时态错误:
1/.(误):Last Sunday,police cars hurry to the tallestbuilding.(92----91)
(正):将hurry改为hurried.
说明:句中的时间状语Last Sunday表示过去时间,故句中的谓语动词hurry应使用其过去式:hurried.
比较:He hurfied home,looking behind from time to time ashe went.(SB.1 P.210)
2/.(误):Today,it is much easier to be healthy than it isin the past.(93----82)
(正):将it is in the past改为it was in the past.
说明:在than所引导的比较状语从句中,介词短语表明了过去时间,因此,从句中应用过去时was而不应使用现在时。
3/.(误):Anyone may borrow books,and it cost mothing toborrow them.(94----83)
(正):将cost改为costs.
说明:原句中cost系动词cost的一般过去时,根据上文,应使用现在时,故应改为cpsts.
B、语态错误,如:
1/.(误):Charles and Linda were seeing near the to pofthe building.(92----93)
(正):将seeing改为seen.
说明:在“Charles和Linda快爬上屋顶了”一句中,上述二人与动词see的关系是被动关系,故动词see应使用被动语态。比较:The boywas seen to fall suddenly from the tree.(SB.1 P.298)
2/.(误):Books may be keep for four weeks.(94----87)
(正):be keep应改为be kept.
说明:句中谓语动词的被动语态应使用“be+过去分词”结构,故动词keep应使用其过去分词kept。
3/.(误):…the book you want has re-turned…(94----95)
(正):has returned应改为has been re-turned.
说明:"has returned"是动词的主动语态,该动词的被动语态是,"has been returned"故应增加been一词以构成被动式。
八、上下文中动词的呼应错误,如:
1/.(误):Modern people know more about health,have better food,and to live in cleaner surroundings.(93----84)
(正):将to live改为live即省去to.
说明:并列连词and连接的to live与上文中的谓语动词know,have系并列成分,to live应视作并列的谓语动词,因此,不应该使用不定式这一非谓语形式与谓语动词并列,而应与前面并列的谓语一样使用现在时live。
2/.(误):Charles and Linda Mason do all these things aswell as climbed buildings.(92----84)
(正):将climbed改为climb或climbing.
说明:as well as系表示“附加”意义的介词,即climb buildings包括在do all these things之内。因此,如与动词do相呼应,可用动词build;如与all these things相呼应则用climbing,而不应使用过去式或过去分词。
3/.(误):I had always wanted to return to the villageafter moving away and it is really great to see most of myold friends again.(95----84)
(正):将句中的is改为was.
说明:上一句中出现过去完成时:had wanted这一用法“表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等”如:They had wanted to helpbut could not get here in time.(SB.2 P.8)。因此用并列连词and连接的下一句中的谓语动词仍然使用过去时间,故将is改为was。
九、谓语动词的主谓一致关系错误,如:
1/.(误):Bill was standing at the side of the car,talking to two men who was helping him to repair it.
(91----104)
(正):将was改为were.
说明:句中who引导的定语从句的先行词是two men,关系词who在从句中作主语时,谓语动词的数应与先行词two men保持一致,因此,从句中的谓语动词应用其复数形式were。比较:And the two officialswho were following him took great trouble to pretend toholdup higher the train of the robe that wasn't there at all.(SB.1P.121)
2/.(误):There are branch library in many villages.(94----82)
(正):将library改为libraries.
说明“根据谓语动词are的数,可见句中主语branch library应用其复数形式以保持主谓之间的一致关系,根据其后的in many villages一语,library也应用复数。
近五年“短文改错”题中有关句法方面的错误集中在以下三类从句里:
一、定语从句,如:
1/.(误):However,there are still some countriestherepeople have shorter lives.(93----92)
(正):将countries后的there改为where.
说明:定语从句应用关系词where连接,而不能用副词there作关系词引导定词从句。比较:This is the house where I lived twoyears ago。(SB.1P.70)
2/.(误):David pointed to the path which it he thoughtwould probably lead to a village.(91----92)
(正):去it.
说明:名词path后的定语从句中关系词which作从句的主语,因此,不再用it作主语。
3/.(误):…in other places where you are limited to acertain number,of that some may be novels.(94----85,86)
(正):去where;of that改为of which.
说明:in other places是you are limited这一主谓结构中的地点状语,因此其后并未引出定语从句,故关系副词where应去掉;同时介词之后不用that作定语从句的关系代词而应使用which.
4/.(误):I also enjoyed the evenings when we spenttogether.(95----89)
(正):将when改为that或去掉。
说明:名词evenings之后接定语从句,而从句中的谓语动词系及物动词,需接宾语,而关系副词where在从句中不能作宾语。
二、宾语从句,如:
(误):I told Mother,Father,Sister and all my friends herethat a good time I had.(95----86)
(正):将that改为what.
说明:比较“朗文词典”(P.1610)中的一个实例:I told him what a clever girl you are.该句中,可以用what作名词的修饰语,但是,却不能用that作名词的修饰语。
三、比较状语从句,如:
1/.(误):Last Sunday,police cars hurried to the taller buildings in New York.(92----92)
(正):将taller改为tallest.
说明:比较级用于“两个”这一范畴,三个以上用最高级。
2/.(误):As a result,people in the mod-ern world generallylive much more longer than people in the past.(93----88)
(正):去掉more.
说明:英语中,“more+形容词或副词的原级”可以构成比较级,但more不能作为比较级的修饰语;副词much则可修饰比较级。
3/.(误)People in industrial countries can expect to live so long as peoplewho lived a few hundred years ago.(93----90)
(正):将so改为as.
说明:so…as结构仅用于否定性比较。例如:London is not so modern as New York.
(“新编英语语法”P.491)
4/.(误):In some places you may borrow many books as youwant.(94----84)
(正):在many前加as构成as many books as.
说明:同级比较应用as…as…结构。
根据以上有关词法和句法方面的部分考点可以看出:“短文改错”题对运用英语的词法、句法的要求是全面的、严格的,因此,容不得丝毫的疏忽大意和一知半解。“短文改错”题对其它词类和句子结构的要求也大体一致。不少学生应试的反馈信息表明:在做“短文改错”题时,考他的注意力不应仅仅集中在一个个单词的正误上,而应在读懂短文的基础上,注意句子结构,着眼于词语的使用,在此基础上识错、改错。同时,不仅要根据每一个排版行识别错误,更应从一个个完整的句子中进行推敲,有的还得纵观上下文形成的语言环境进行判断。有的错误可能一目了然,有的错误则可能藏而不露,因此,应试时,必须深思熟虑,下一点“吹毛求疵”的苦功夫。