Natural Rights
By Wang Jun
China is set to reform the property rights system for natural resource assets
A green belt in southwest China’s Yunnan Province to protect the local ecological environment
The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the General Office of the State Council, China’s cabinet, recently issued a guideline on the reform of the property rights system for natural resource assets. The reform aims to establish a management framework featuring clear ownership, clarified rights and responsibilities, strict protection, smooth transfer and effective supervision by 2020.
According to the document, the system should serve an essential role in protecting natural resources and promoting ecological functions. In addition, it will play a key part in optimizing resource allocation, raising the efficiency of resource development and use, and pushing forward high-quality development.
Under the current system, natural resources are owned by the state and various collectives, while different types of natural resources are managed by different government departments. This results in a serious problem where the property rights of different types of natural resources, like mountains, rivers, lakes, cultivated land,forests and grasslands, are separated from each other and fail to form an integral whole.Moreover, since different natural resources are overseen by different departments, there is a management overlap.
Rights and responsibilities
Yan Jinming, a professor at Renmin University of China, told Economic Daily that the property rights system, particularly the confirmation of property rights, is the crucial foundation for the management of natural resources.
However, problems such as ambiguous policies, as well as defective management and supervision have caused frequent disputes regarding property rights, ineffective protection and extensive use of natural resources, including grave ecological degradation, Yan said.
Zhu Daolin, a professor with the College of Land Science and Technology at China Agricultural University, said the government didn’t pay enough attention to the establishment of an effective property rights system for natural resource assets, adding that the record of China’s stock of natural resources is incomplete. Since the benefits to exploit and responsibilities to restore natural resources do not correspond, there have been persistent incidents of destructive development and excessive exploitation of natural resources.
可见，旅游风情小镇是在原有旅游资源基础上建设的新型休闲旅游目的地，是全域旅游的重要载体，其共享、开放的发展理念体现了对旅游资源的综合性特色开发。
To address these issues, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decided in 2013 to improve the property rights system for natural resource assets.Subsequently, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council formulated a plan on institutional reform for ecological progress in 2015,giving top priority to the improvement of the property rights system for natural resource assets among eight major tasks to advance overall reform.
（1）切片占用大量磁盘空间。应用中发现，按照Google影像分割标准，云南省输电线路机巡数据的精度可达22级，每增加一级，切片磁盘占用大约提高四倍，若第0层切片占用磁盘大小，实际计算发现，全云南省为m0，则全部切片占用磁盘约切片大约需要数10T。
将“秦琼”译成“Door God”，译者并未采用为“秦琼”加注，为其提供相应的文化历史背景的译法，而是直接侵入它的核心，抓住其本质，将“秦琼”一词的本质意义译出。这样既简洁明了又保证译入语读者的阅读节奏。
● Making a balance sheet for natural resource assets, establishing a dynamic monitoring system and keeping track of changes in all types of natural resources in a timely manner.
Key Points of Reform Guideline
● Accelerating the formulation of unified classification standards for natural resources, and establishing a unified investigation, monitoring and evaluation system.
● Strengthening government supervision and administration, and promoting the reasonable use of natural resources by property rights holders.
● Improving the legal system for property rights over natural resource assets, protecting the rights and interests of property rights holders on an equal footing, and advancing the role of the property rights system as both an incentive and restraint in promoting ecological progress.
(2)采用构件化的设计思想，在需求分析对象的基础上，先进行软件功能构件的设计，然后通过基于构件的开发组合完成系统的构建开发。
● Exploring more effective ways to realize the rights and interests of owners’ natural resource assets by giving play to the decisive role of the market in allocating resources.
During the institutional restructuring of the State Council in 2018, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) was established to coordinate the administration of mountains, rivers, forests,cultivated land, lakes and grasslands, take responsibility as the owner of state-owned natural resources, manage the use of territorial space,and protect and restore the ecosystem.
The guideline proposes to separate the ownership of and the right to use natural resources, accelerate the establishment of an ownership system characterized by appropriate classi fication, balance the relationship between the ownership and the right to use, and innovate the way of exercising the state and collective ownerships of natural resources.
● Accelerating the confirmation and registration of natural resource ownerships, with a focus on major ecological space including national parks, key state-owned forests, wetlands and major rivers.
● Encouraging local governments to carry out bold explorations in accordance with local conditions to accumulate sufficient practical experience for reforming the property rights system.
● Compiling and implementing a plan for the ecological restoration of natural space, and establishing and improving a mechanism of restoration and comprehensive management of mountains, forests, land, lakes and grasslands.
Another focus of this reform is to clarify the ownership of property rights of natural resource assets in order to tackle problems such as the unclearly defined rights and interests of owners and an unreasonable mechanism for the distribution of earnings from natural resources, according to a statement issued by the MNR.
梦想给人带来美丽,带来激情,而信念则让人感动、让人震撼。信念不仅是一份动力,一份责任,更是一种执著、一种坚持和一种使命;信念促使我们将点点滴滴的平凡和琐碎积聚成宏伟的蓝图与不朽的丰碑,信念促使我们朝着第 20卷、第 30卷,以至无限卷的前方一路前行,一路奋斗与攀登。
(Source: Xinhua News Agency)
Ownership confirmation
Zhu explained that unlike products of labor, it is sometimes difficult to define the owner of a certain natural resource. Therefore, clearly defined ownership is essential to the reform of the property rights system natural resource assets.
图6为500 kV交流双回路输电线路塔-线耦全体系模型中的导、地线绝缘子，绝缘子与杆塔挂点之间的连接关系,图中分别标明了悬垂绝缘子、导线和地线等.
Yan said improving the ownership system is a priority of the reform, which will address problems such as overlapping functions of different entities in managing natural resources and the deficiency of rights and responsibilities.
The guideline stresses to separate ownership, contract and management rights for contracted rural land and plans to explore the separation of the ownership, qualification and use rights for homesteads in rural areas.
In terms of the oceans, the guideline vows to accelerate the improvement of mechanisms regarding the transfer, sale, mortgage, lease and investment of sea areas while exploring the transfer and lease of the right to use uninhabited islands. This means that in the future, ordinary people may own certain islands.
● Improving the system of compensation for damages to the ecological environment, with the persons liable for restoration or compensation.
1.4.1 材料 显微外科器械、无菌培养皿（10 cm）、无菌移液管离心（15 mL）、无菌PBS、Ⅳ型胶原酶0.5%（每只1.5 mL）、无菌注射器（5 mL、1 mL）、无菌六孔板、碘伏、棉签、乙醚、DMEM（高糖）培养基。37℃水浴预热Ⅳ型胶原酶，按照0.5%Ⅳ型胶原酶/PBS=1/4比例配置Ⅳ型胶原酶工作液（即每只10 mL）。
In addition, the guideline proposes to formulate unified standards for the classification of natural resources, establish a unified investigation, monitoring and evaluation system,and conduct uniform natural resource surveys nationwide.
Zhu said clarified property rights will be conducive to the protection and intensive utilization of natural resources while strengthening the protection and restoration of the ecosystem.Natural resources and human activity constitute a community of life. Since various natural resources are closely interrelated, they must be protected and restored as a whole, he added.
Transfer of property rights
The guideline also proposes increasing marketoriented transfer of property rights and improving the price formation mechanism to give the decisive role to the market in resource allocation. Meanwhile, it requires that the government enhance its regulatory role through the control of the amount and size of these transfers.
In response to the absence of an effective evaluation system within the government and weak public supervision, the guideline proposes to set up a comprehensive system for assessing officials’ performance in managing natural resource assets, launching out-of-office auditing and improving the lifelong accountability system.
因此，现代车辆的汽油发动机的点火提前角是根据发动机的负荷、功率、混合汽浓度、温度等各项数据得出的最佳点火提前角，如果点火提前角不正确，则容易导致发动机出现爆震或动力严重下降。为了避免燃油品质不良或燃油标号过低、以及汽缸内积炭过多导致的爆震情况的发生，发动机控制单元会根据爆震传感器的信号来判断是否有爆震发生，从而起到保护发动机机械的作用。
However, the reform still faces some difficulties, Zhu said. Different types of natural resources have different characteristics. For example, land is closely related to other natural resources such as minerals, water, forests,grasslands and oceans, but it is also substantially different from them. Therefore, the reform measures should be differentiated accordingly to suit individual needs.
Moreover, striking a balance among rights,responsibilities and interests concerning natural resource assets will be crucial to the success of the reform. Clear ownership, intensive and sustainable development, all-around protection and restoration, and a law-based planning and administration system will be necessary, according to Zhu.
Copyedited by Rebeca Toledo
Comments to wangjun@bjreview.com
标签：Natural论文; RIGHTS论文; Reform论文; PROPERTY论文;