不同激光治疗前列腺增生的研究进展论文_吴禹锟,刘春晓(通讯作者)

不同激光治疗前列腺增生的研究进展论文_吴禹锟,刘春晓(通讯作者)

(南方医科大学珠江医院泌尿外科 广东 广州 510280)

【摘要】良性前列腺增生是目前男性下尿路症状的常见病因。经尿道前列腺电切术依然是手术治疗的“金标准”,但因存在很多缺点,如出血、电切综合征、泌尿道感染等,促使人们寻找可以替代TURP的手术方法。近年来各种用于治疗良性前列腺增生的激光技术得到不断完善。相比于经尿道前列腺电切术,激光治疗具有疗效确切、术中损伤小、恢复快、并发症少等诸多优点,使得其在前列腺手术中的应用也越来越普遍。本研究就其在临床的应用情况作一综述。

【关键词】良性前列腺增生;激光;前列腺剜除术;前列腺电切术

【中图分类号】R454.2 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752(2019)11-0014-04

Research progress of various laser treatments for benign Prostatic hyperplasia

Wu Yukun,Liu Chunxiao (Corresponding author).

Department of Urology,Zhujiang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510280,China

【Abstract】Benign Prostatic hyperplasia is the most common cause of urinary tract symptoms in men. Transurethral resection of the Prostate is still the "gold standard" for surgical treatment,but due to many complications,such as bleeding,resection syndrome,urinary tract infection,and so on,people have to find an alternative to TURP surgery. In recent years,various kinds of laser techniques for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia has been improved,the technology is becoming more mature. Compared with transurethral resection of Prostate,laser therapy is more and more popular in urology because of its advantages such as definite efficacy,less damage,faster recovery and fewer complications. This article reviews its clinical application.

【Key words】Benign Prostatic hyperplasia; Laser; Enucleation; TURP

良性前列腺增生(Benign Prostatic HyPerPlasia,BPH)是中老年男性的常见疾病,40多岁的男性有20%,60多岁的男性有50%到60%,70多岁和80多岁的男性有80%~90%[1]。主要表现为由于前列腺间质和腺体成分的增生,和以下尿路症状(Lower Urinary Tract SymPtoms,LUTS)为主的临床症状,最终会引起膀胱,甚至肾脏损害[2]。中、重度BPH的治疗包括开放手术(OPen Prostatectomy)和经尿道切除(Transurethral Resection of the Prostate,TURP),而TURP是治疗60 ~80g的BPH的标准技术[3]。并且存在术中和术后早期可并发出血的风险,术中及术后2%~7%患者需要输血,以及4%患者并发尿道感染而出现尿道刺激症状[4],晚期并发症包括膀胱颈挛缩、尿道狭窄,且5年后部分患者需再次手术[5]。近年来,随着手术技能及相关设备的不断完善与成熟,各种能量的激光在泌尿外科领域的应用越来越普遍,尤其在治疗BPH方面,表现出越来越多的优势。逐渐有取代TURP成为BPH外科治疗新金标准的趋势[6]。本文就近年来国内外激光技术在治疗BPH方面的临床应用综述如下。

1.钬激光

钬激光为接触式激光,波长为2100 nm,其波长接近水,易被水吸收,以短脉冲式释放能量[7],组织穿透深度仅0.4 mm,所以钬激光非常适合于组织的精密切除[8]。其脉冲式传导的特性,在气化组织的同时又能极大的减少周围组织的热损伤,热损伤区域仅为0.5-1.0 mm[9],有比较好的止血效能。钬激光的这些优点,使得其在泌尿外科应用非常广泛。

既往研究已表明经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(Transurethral Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate,HoLEP)临床疗效显著。1998年Gilling等[10]发现并利用钬激光对周围组织产生的爆破、撕裂效应,首次施行了HoLEP。Krambeckd等的研究表示在2000年就证实了HoLEP对于前列腺体积>100mL的有效性及安全性,其疗效类似开放前列腺切除术,并且具有较低的围术期并发症发生率[11]。同时有研究表明术中或术后出血、输血、和再次手术等并发症的发生率没有增加,故认为HoLEP可以用于治疗超大前列腺[12]。与TURP比较,HoLEP手术时间较长,但是术后排尿困难、膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间、住院天数等方面较好,总体来看,HoLEP可作为TRUP的一种替代治疗[13]。随着组织粉碎器的引入,大大提高了吸取出前列腺组织的效率,钬激光因此能用于切除更大的前列腺组织,甚至达成与开放手术相同的解剖学目标[14]。Klett等[15]研究发现,HoLEP对性功能没有远期的影响。但HoLEP对泌尿外科医师的手术经验及相关的内镜技能要求较高,这可能是影响HoLEP并发症发生率最重要的因素[16]。HoLEP具有明显较长的学习曲线。并发症发生范围为30~50例[17]。HoLEP的花费较高,使得其在许多医疗机构的推广受限,尤其是发展中国家。

2.绿激光

绿激光又称KTP激光,非接触式激光,波长为532 nm,基本不被水吸收,却能被血红蛋白选择性吸收[18]。绿激光组织穿透厚度仅为0.8mm,可以对1~2mm深度的组织产生凝固作用,具有良好的止血效果[19]。目前绿激光用于治疗BPH主要手术方式为选择性前列腺汽化术(GreenlightPhotoselective VAPorization of the Prostate,PVP)。PVP也从最初开发的60w激光系统[20],到如今常用的为80w的KTP绿激光和120w的LBO绿激光系统。

Thangasamy等[21]通过对比TURP来评估80 W和120W PVP系统。围术期结果显示PVP在留置尿管时间、住院时间上都要优于TURP,手术时间比TURP较长。而PVP与TURP对比研究显示,两组手术时间无显著差异,生活质量(Quality of Life,QoL)和性功能无显著差异。前者围手术期并发症较少,且总的医疗费用能少22%[22]。SKOLARIKOS等[23]报道了两者治疗大体积前列腺(>80mL)的研究结果,PVP组手术时间长于0P组,留置尿管时间和住院时间均少于OP组。CHUNG等[24]对162例随访2年,再次行PVP者3例(2%),无尿失禁和尿路狭窄发生,IPSS、Qmax、PVR显著改善。与HoLEP相比,虽然PVP对腺体切除率和PSA降低率都比前者小,有较高的再手术率,但PVP表现出良好的疗效,并对性功能没有明显影响[26],基本没有前列腺大小的限制[26],在治疗BPH方面具有良好的应用前景。Comu等[27]25研究结果表明,120W HPS KTP与TURP在IPSS、Qmax方面无差异,但围手术期出现的并发症更少,留置尿管时间、住院时间及出血风险都优于TURP。对于小前列腺的临床研究结果显示180W Greenlight XPS激光系统疗效与TURP无差异。IPSS、PVR分别下降66.98%、60.9%,Qmax提高1.42%[28]。但目前报道80W的KTP术后3~5年随访结果显示其再次手术率高达8.9%~14.8%[29]。对于绿激光前列腺手术的远期疗效还需要更多临床研究来对其进行验证。

3.铥激光

铥激光为接触式激光,以连续波模式工作,波长为波长介于1940~2013nm,也称为2μm激光,组织穿透深度仅0.25 mm。主要被组织中的水吸收[30]。铥激光以连续波模式工作,切割和止血效果均能有满意的效果[7],手术视野也很清晰。

Bach[31]于2009年报道铥激光汽化剜除术(Thulium Laser VAPoenucleation of the Prostate,ThuVEP),并证明了其安全性、有效性及对较大体积前列腺患者的效率。一个随访48个月的对照试验显示ThuVEP排尿症状获得了长期的改善。Kyriazis等[32]研究结果显示,ThuVEP可切除87%前列腺体积,PVR下降范围为69%~91%,Qmax、IPSS显著改善。在疗效方面,初步研究显示ThuVEP具有较好的疗效及安全性。安全性方面,ThuVEP显示了很高的手术安全性,一些研究显示他能够有效治疗大体积的前列腺[34]。服用抗凝药或凝血功能紊乱的患者[34]。并且在导尿管留置时间、住院时间及失血量方面优于TURP[35]。Netsch等[36]对 70w与120W ThuVEP进行了比较,结果发现与70W铥激光相比,120W铥激光在剜除率、手术时间及腺体切除率方面具有明显优势,且两种功率的铥激光均安全有效。ThuVEP显著降低了TUR综合征、出血和术后尿道狭窄等并发症,但暂时性尿失禁、泌尿道感染等并发症发生情况与TURP类似[37]。在性功能障碍方面,逆行射精等方面和TURP对比,患者的勃起功能评分无显著差异[38]。铥激光目前手术后随访时间短,还需要更多的、更长随访时间的临床证据来支持ThuVEP的有效性。

4.半导体激光

半导体激光又称二极管激光,为非接触式激光,是一种最新的微创术式,通过使用不同的半导体元素和结构产生不同波长的激发光[39]。同时使血红蛋白和水产生联合吸收效应,对组织产生凝固效应。具有良好的组织消融作用和止血效果[7]。

Buisan[40]首次报道了980nm波长半导体激光前列腺剜除术(Diode Laser Enucleation of the Prostate,DiLEP)的安全性及可行性。有研究表明,TURP的患者术后24月随访结果要优于980nm半导体激光。Yang等研究结果表明,DiLEP留置导尿管时间和住院天数优于TURP。一个随访6个月的RCT结果显示1318nm波长DiLEP较双极TURP疗效及安全性均类似,但DiLEP在失血量及住院时间方面表现更优[43]。Rosenthal等[44]进行的一项关于980nm/1470nm半导体激光应用于门诊患者治疗的结果后表明50W侧输出式1470nm半导体激光汽化术治疗前列腺增生是可行的,并可有效改善其梗阻症状,但手术时间偏长,这减缓了临床上对其的应用。Beltrami等报道了14例膀胱出口梗阻患者行110~120w980nm联合1470nm半导体激光治疗,术后短期疗效显著。2010年CHEN等报道了200w半导体激光治疗前列腺患者的初步结果提示半导体激光有非常好的止血功能,并能提供清晰的手术视野和快速的组织切除,但术后尿路刺激症状和组织脱落反应是影响其应用的主要因素。二极管激光最主要的并发症是尿路刺激症状及逆行射精,其他的并发症如暂时性尿失禁、术后出血及包膜穿孔等与其他术式对比无显著差异。

5.展望

随着科技的迅速发展,BPH的微创治疗手术同样得到了快速发展。激光技术在治疗BPH中发展很快,有望取代TURP成为治疗BPH新“金标准”。随着激光技术及相关设备的推广与完善,多种激光能量在前列腺手术应用的报道越来越多。但是需要多中心的随机对照试验和长期随访进一步验证其有效性及安全性,如何以最小的创伤达到最有效的切除,从而减少手术的并发症并且获得理想的短期和长期随访效果,仍是未来的一个发展方向。

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论文作者:吴禹锟,刘春晓(通讯作者)

论文发表刊物:《医药前沿》2019年11期

论文发表时间:2019/6/12

标签:;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  

不同激光治疗前列腺增生的研究进展论文_吴禹锟,刘春晓(通讯作者)
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